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Bhakti

An Bhakti (Sanskrito: भक्ति, an boot sabihon "attachment, partisipasyon, pagkagusto sa, homahe, pagtubod, pagkamoot, debosyon, pagsamba, kadalisayan".[1] Orihinal na ginagamit iyan sa Hinduismo, na nanonongod sa debosyon asin pagkamoot sa sarong personal na dios o sa sarong representasyon na dios nin sarong deboto.[2][3] Sa suanoy na mga teksto na arog kan Shvetashvatara Upanishad, an termino nangangahulogan sana nin partisipasyon, debosyon asin pagkamoot sa ano man na paghihingoa, mantang nasa Bhagavad Gita, ikinokonektar kaiyan an saro sa posibleng dalan nin espiritwalidad asin pasiring sa mga moksha, arog kan sa bhakti marga.[4]

An Bhakti sa mga relihiyon na Indian "emosyonal na debosyonalismo," partikularmente sa sarong personal na dios o sa espiritwal na mga ideya.[5][6] Sa siring, an bhakti naghahagad nin relasyon sa pag-oltanan kan deboto asin kan dios.[7] Nanonongod an termino sa sarong mobimiento, na pinapayunir ni Alvars asin Nayanars, na nagtalubo sa palibot kan mga dios na si Vishnu ([[Vaishnavismo][), Shiva (Shaivismo) asin Devi (Shaktismo) sa ikaduwang kabangaan kan enot na milenyo CE.[2][3][8][9][10][11]

Dakol na popular na teksto asin santo sa India an ipinasabong kan mga ideyang Bhakti. Halimbawa, an Bhagavata Purana sarong tekstong may kinaaraman ki Krishna na asosyado sa mobimientong Bhakti sa Hinduismo.[12] An Bhakti manonompongan man sa ibang relihiyon na pinapraktis sa Indya, asin ini nakaimpluwensya sa mga pag'iriba kan Kristianismo asin Hinduismo sa modernong panahon.[13][14][15][16][17] An Nirguni bhakti (devosyon sa banal na mayong mga atributo) mahihiling sa Sikhismo, siring man sa Hinduismo.[18][19] Sa luwas kan India, an emosyonal na debosyon manonompongan sa nagkapirang tradisyon na Budhista sa Sur-sirangan na Asia asin Sirangan na Asia, asin kun beses inaapod iyan na Bhatti.[20][21]

  1. ↑ See Monier-Williams, Sanskrit Dictionary, 1899.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bhakti, Encyclopædia Britannica (2009)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Karen Pechelis (2011), "Bhakti Traditions", in The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies (Editors: Jessica Frazier, Gavin Flood), Bloomsbury, ISBN 978-0826499660, pp. 107–121
  4. ↑ John Lochtefeld (2014), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Rosen Publishing (New York), ISBN 978-0823922871, pp. 98–100. Also see articles on bhaktimārga and jnanamārga.
  5. ↑ Hans G. Kippenberg; Yme B. Kuiper; Andy F. Sanders (1990). Concepts of Person in Religion and Thought. Walter de Gruyter. p. 295. ISBN 978-3-11-087437-2. , Quote: "The foundations of emotional devotionalism (bhakti) were laid in south India in the second half of the first millennium of our era (...)".
  6. ↑ Indira Viswanathan Peterson (2014). Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints. Princeton University Press. pp. 4, footnote 4. ISBN 978-1-4008-6006-7. 
  7. ↑ DeNapoli, Antoinette (2018). "Earning God through the "One-Hundred Rupee Note": Nirguṇa Bhakti and Religious Experience among Hindu Renouncers in North India" (in en). Religions 9 (12): 408. doi:10.3390/rel9120408. 
  8. ↑ Rinehart, Robin (2004). Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-57607-905-8. 
  9. ↑ Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to HinduismFree registration required. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. 
  10. ↑ Embree, Ainslie Thomas; Stephen N. Hay; William Theodore De Bary (1988). Sources of Indian Tradition. Columbia University Press. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-231-06651-8. 
  11. ↑ Jerry Bentley, Old World Encounters: Cross Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 120.
  12. ↑ Cutler, Norman (1987). Songs of Experience. Indiana University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-253-35334-4. 
  13. ↑ Flood, Gavin D. (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-631-21535-6. 
  14. ↑ Neill, Stephen (2002). A History of Christianity in India, 1707–1858. Cambridge University Press. p. 412. ISBN 978-0-521-89332-9. 
  15. ↑ Kelting, Mary Whitney (2001). Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Maṇḍaḷ Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion. Oxford University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-19-514011-8. 
  16. ↑ A. Frank Thompson (1993), Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Perspectives and Encounters (Editor: Harold Coward), Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, ISBN 978-8120811584, pp. 176–186
  17. ↑ Karen Pechelis (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195351903, see Introduction chapter
  18. ↑ David Lorenzen (1995), Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791420256, pages 1-2
  19. ↑ Hardip Syan (2014), in The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies (Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199699308, page 178
  20. ↑ Donald Swearer (2003), Buddhism in the Modern World: Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition (Editors: Heine and Prebish), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195146981, pages 9-25
  21. ↑ Karel Werner (1995), Love Divine: Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism, Routledge, ISBN 978-0700702350, pages 45-46

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