Kanuri

Kanuri /kəˈnuːri/ suna ne na wata kabila ^[1] daga cikin manyan ƙabilun Arewacin Najeriya^[2], wadanda anda kuma sune suka kafa daya daga cikin dauloli guda biyu mafiya girma a duk fadin Afirka^[3] ta yau.^[4][5]

Mutane ne da suka samo asali daga Yemen^[6] (Abubakar, 2017; Ballo, 1974). Suna da matukar riko da al’adunsu na gargajiya, addini,^[7] karbar baki da kuma uwa-uba hidimtawa Alqur’ani^[8] da masu hulda da shi da suka shafi koyo, koyarwa, hadda, rubutawa da kuma masu karanta shi. Babban garin su; wato Maiduguri, ana yi masa kallon matsugunni^[9] ko kuma masaukin mahaddata da kuma makaranta Alqur’ani. Akwai wata kalma ko kuma lambar girmamawa da suke bai wa duk mutumin da ya kware matuka gaya wajen karanta Alqur’ani; Goni, wanda da Hausa ake cewa Gwani. A wata tattaunawa da muka yi da wani matashi mai suna Ibrahim Hassan a ranar Talata 3 ga watan Julin shekarar 2019 a Tsangayar Sheikh Goni Muhammad Sa’adu Ngamdu^[10], ya shaida mana cewa, idan mutum ya je irin guraren zaman hira da matasa ke taruwa a garin Maiduguri, a mafiya yawa daga cikin irin wadannan guraren akan samu mutum daaya daga cikin matasa goma da yake haddacin Alqur’ani ne. Maganar da ya fada tare kuma da karfafa ta da cewa, “Kuma hadda cikakkiya ba kame-kame ba”.^{[11][12][13][14]}

Daga cikin kyawawan al’adun Kanurai ababen ambato akwai girmama na gaba, zaman lafiya da kuma hakuri da juna. Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya; wato Home of Peace (Wikipedia, 2016; Sean, 2013; Naijaface, 2010), a Turance, ita ce inkiyar da ake yi wa jahar Borno wadda take ita ce babbar Jahar Kanurai.

Manufar wannan rubutu da ka ke karantawa ita ce yin bayani bakin gwargwado game da suna, asali, da kuma wasu daga cikin kyawawan halayen mutanen da suke kiran kansu da suna Kanuri, Bahaushe kuma yake kiransu da sunan Barebari.

Mun yi bakin kokari wajen ganin mun kawo wa mai karatu abin da ya inganta daga abin da za mu rubuta ta hanyar zurfafa bincike, tambayoyi da kuma ziyarar gani da ido; wato cil-da-cil, ganin Annabin tsohuwa. Muna fatan wannan rubutu ya zama fitilar da za ta haskaka zuciyar masu neman sanin hakikanin tarihin kabilar Kanurai. A sha karatu lafiya.^[15][16]

Suna

Dakta Babagana Abubakar, ya kuma ce: “Sunan Kanuri hadadde ne daga wasu kalmomin Kanuri guda biyu; wato KA wadda ke da ma’ana ta sanda, da kuma NURI, mai ma’anar haske, wadda ita kuma tushenta shi ne Larabci, Nur”. Wadannan kalmomi, KA da NURI su aka hada suka zama Kanuri.

Dalilin samuwar wannan suna, Kanuri, kamar yadda Dakta Babagana Abubakar ya ci gaba da bayyanawa, shi ne cewa a farkon lamari su Kanurai sun kasance mutane ne makiyaya masu rike da sanda, sannan kuma fuskarsu tana haske. Saboda haka a kokarinsu na bambance su daga cikin sauran kabilun gurin da suke suma makiyayan ne, sai wata kabila mai suna Sau suka rika kiransu da wannan suna Kanuri. Wato kenan idan abin mu kwatanta ne sai mu iya cewa, mutane masu kama da haske wadanda suke rike da sanda.^[17]

Amma a tattaunawar mu da Abba Kura, wani matashi a Unguwar Bulunkutu Abuja, a cikin garin Maiduguri a ranar Juma’a ranar talatin da daya 31 ga watan Mayu,shekarar dubu biyu da Sha tara 2019, ya bayyana mana cewa, asalin sunan Kanuri gauraye ne na kalmomin Larabci guda biyu; KAL da kuma NUR wadanda idan aka hade su suke zama KAN-NURI a bisa ka’idar Larabci, waɗanda kuma za a iya fassara su da kamar haske; kamar yadda muka ji daga kakaninmu. Daga baya kuma aka jirkita su suka koma Kanuri.^[18]

Kenan Idan muka yi wa wannan suna fassara ta kwatance sai mu ce, mutane masu kama da haske. Kenan, akwai kusanci a tsakanin wadannan maganganu guda biyu; Babagana da kuma Abba Kura.

Sai dai, Hausawa da kuma Yarabawa; amma na Ilori kawai, suna kiran su da sunaye Barebari da kuma yaruba. Abin da za a iya danganta shi da sunan da Sarkin Musulmi Muhammadu Ballo (1974), ya kira su da shi, cewa: “Wadannan Barbar din, ragowar Barbar din da suka rayu ne a tsakankanin kasashen Arewacin Afirka da kuma Habasha…” Wannan shi ne sunan da Bahaushe ya jirkita shi zuwa Barebari, shi kuma Bayaraben Ilori ya ce yaruba. Wannan kuma saboda kusancin su duka biyun ne da Sarkin Musulmi Muhammadu Ballo, albarkacin Jahadin Shehu danfodiye wanda Hausawa da Yarabawan duk abin ya shafe su.

Wannan suna na Kanuri, shi ne sunan da kabilu da yawa suke kiran su da shi. Musamman ma Sau, Larabawa, Kotoko, Sudaniyawa, Turawa, Itofiyawa, Turkawa, Mandarawa, Marghi, Babur, Karekare, Ngizem da sauransu.

Haka nan kuma ana kiran su da wasu sunayen mabambanta. Wasu kabilun Chadi da Sudan da suka hada da Najdi, Baggara da kuma Hejazi suna kiransu da suna Barnowaji; Fulani kuma suna kiran su da Kolejo.

Asali Magana mafi shahara ita ce cewa, Kanurai mutanen Yemen ne. Dakta Babagana Abubakar, ya fada a cikin mukallarsa ta Turanci, Kanuri Complete, wadda aka wallafa a shekarar 2017 a shafin Intanet na Mujallar kasa-da-kasa mai suna Research Gate, cewa: “Kanurai sun zo ne daga Zirin Yankin Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula) sannan suka zauna a wani guri mai tazarar kusan kilomita 640 daga arewacin Tafkin Chadi wanda daga baya ya zama kasaitacciyar daular Kanem-Bornu”.

Sannan kuma Sarkin Musulmi Muhammad Ballo (1974), ya ce: “Wadannan Barebarin, ragowar Barebarin da suka rayu ne a tsakankanin kasashen Arewacin Afirka da kuma Habasha. Su ne wadanda Humayyar (Sunan kabila ne) suka kora daga Yemen…” Wanda kuma a karshen bayanin nasa ya kare da cewa: “…Sannan suka gangaro Kanem, suka zaune ta…”

A cikin wata tattaunawa da muka yi da Dakta Shekarau Angyu, Masa-Ibi, Aku-Uka na Wukari, a ranar Asabar 19/08/2017, a fadarsa da ke Wukari, ya shaida mana cewa: “Asalinmu daga Yemen ne. Mun taho tare da ‘yan’uwanmu Kanurai muka rabu da su a Ngazargamau”.

Rabe-Raben Kanuri A farkon lamari, Yaren Kanuri kala daya ne tal! Amma sannu a hankali sakamakon yanayin siyasar rayuwa da ta haddasa gaurayuwar Kanurai da wasu bakin yarurrukan kodai ta hanyar zuwansu garuruwan Kanurai ko kuma zuwan Kanurai wasu garurwan ya haifar da hayayyafar wannan yare inda har ta kai ga an samu bambamce-bambamcen wasu kalmomi ko kuma ma canjin yaren kaco-kaf. Daga cikin rabe-raben Kanuri akwai; Wuje, Gumati, Manga, Bodoi, Kanembu, Morr, Kwayam, Suwurti, Buduma da sauransu.^[19]

Addini

Kanurai mutane ne Musulmi. Dakta Babagana Abubakar ya ce: a kaso dari din Kanurai Musulmi ne wadanda suka riki addinin Musulunci a matsayin tafarkin rayuwarsu sannan kuma Annabi Muhammadu samfurin su…”

Gudunmawar Kanurai Wajen Yada Addinin Musulunci Gazali a shekarar dubu biyu da Sha hudu (2014), ya bayyana Kanurai a matsayin mutanen da suka bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa wajen yada ilimin addinin Musulunci da harkar malunta a Afirka ta Yamma a matakin farko da kuma dukkan fadin Afirka baki daya.

Sarkin Musulmi Muhammad Ballo (1974), ya siffanta su a matsayin mutanen da Musulunci ya yi matukar yaduwa a duk fadin daularsu a tsakankani sarakunansu da waziransu da sauran jama’arsu, har ta kai ga yana fadin cewa: “Kai! Ba za ka taba samun jama’a a cikin wadannan garuruwan ba face sun himmatu da karatun Alqur’ani da tajawidinsa (Hukunce-hukuncen karatun Alqur’ani), haddace shi da kuma rubuta shi. Jama’ar ba su gushe haka nan ba har lokacin gudanar da wannan jahadin”. Dongane da wannan gaba, har ya zuwa yau din nan (2019), akwai wasu unguwanni a cikin garin Maiduguri, kamar irin su Dikeciri da sauran su, wadanda duk gidan da ka shiga ba za ka rasa mahaddacin Alqur’ani guda daya ba, kamar yadda Ahmad Sa’ad Ngamdu ya shaida mana a cikin tattaunawar da muka yi da shi a ranar Lahadi 11/6/2019 a Abuja.

Farfesa Adu Boahen (1986), ya siffanta irin gudunmawar da Barebari suka bayar wajen yada ilimin addinin Musulunci a fadin Afirka da ma duniya baki daya ta yadda ya bayar da misali da mashahurin Malami Muhammadu Mugili wanda sarkin Kano Muhammadu Rumfa ya gayyata zuwa Kano domin koyar da ilimin addinin Musulunci, kuma ya bayar da gudunmawa wajen rubuta Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Masarautar Kano.

Fitattun Mutane Kanurai Kanurai suna da fitattun mutane da suka riƙe manya-manyan mukaman da suka kai har matakin shugabannin kasashe a duniya tun kafin shigowar Turawa Yankin Bakake har zuwa zamanin shigowar Turawa musamman kafin samun ‘yancin-kan wasu daga cikin kasashen Afirka kamar irin su Najeriya da kuma bayan samun yancin kan a wasu kasashen kamar irin su Najeriya, Nijar da sauran su.

Daga cikin irin wadannan mutane wadanda suka yi fice a Najeriya akwai Sir Kashim Ibrahim, gwamnan farko na Yankin Arewa, 1962 - 1966; Alhaji Zanna Dipcharima, Ministan Masana’antu a zamanin Sir Abubakar Tafawa balewa, sannan kuma Firimiyan Najeriya na wucin-gadi; Shettima Ali Monguno, Ministan Man Fetur na farko a Najeriya daga shekarar 1972 zuwa 1975 sannan kuma Babban Shugaban gungiyar kasashe Masu Arzikin Man Fetur wato OPEC daga 1972 zuwa 1973; Kamsalem, Sufeto Janar na ‘Yansandan Najeriya na biyu 1966 – 1975; Birgediya-Janar Abba Kyari, Gwamnan Jahar Tsakiyar Arewa 1967 - 1975; Babagana Kingibe, Ministan Harkokin kasashen Waje, 1993 – 1995 sannan kuma Sakataren Gwamnatin Najeriya, 2007 - 2008; Janar Sani Abacha, Shugaban Gwamnatin Sojan Najeriya, 1993 - 1998 da sauransu.

Sannan kuma a cikin su akwai hamshakan masu kudi na dauri kamar irin su Alhaji Mai Deribe, Sheikh Abubakar Elmiskin, Alhaji Umar Na Alhaji Lawan, Alhaji Kuli Deribe, da sauran su.

A Jamhuriyar Nijar Kuma, akwai mutane irin su Mamane Oumarou, tsohon firimiyan Nijar a shekarar 1983; Mamadou Tandja tsohon shugaban kasar Nijar, 1999 – 2010 da sauran su.

Tsagen Fuska Kanurai suna da tsagar gado a fuskarsu. Wannan tsaga ta su kuwa guda tara ce da suke yin daya a tsakiyar goshi wadda take farawa daga farkon goshi ta sama har zuwa karshen kasan doron hanci, sai guda biyu-biyu a kan kumatu, da kuma karin wasu guda biyu-biyu a karin dama da hagu na fuska, sannan kuma dukkan tsagogin nasu dogaye ne. Kalli Fuskar Marigayi Janar Abacha a matsayin misali.

Guraren da Ake Samun Kanurai a Duniya Kanurai sun fi yawa a Arewacin Najeriya inda suke da Jahohi biyu; Borno da Yobe tare da zamowar garin Maiduguri a matsayin babban birninsu. Haka nan kuma akan same su a Yammacin Nijar, jahar Zinder; Kudu-Maso-Gabashin Chadi; Arewacin Kamaru. Sannan kuma akwai su ‘yan kadan a Kudancin Libiya; warwatse a Sudan da kuma Jamhuriyar Gabon.

Bayan wadannan gurare kuma ana samun Kanurai a garuruwan Lafiyan Barebari, cikin jahar Nassarawa; garin Tofa, Kano duk a cikin jahar Kano; Zaria a jahar Kaduna; Gwaram, Dutse, Hadejia, Kirikasamma, Mallam Madori duk a cikin jahar Jigawa da kuma sauran guraren da kididdige su yake da wahala

Rubutu mai gwabi

Harshen Kanuri ko kawai Kanuri ko Barbarci ko kuma Barebari yare ne dake da asali a kasar Najeriya da ɓangaren wasu kasashe kamar Cadi, Kamaru, Jamhuriyyar Nijar, kasar Sudan da wasu garuruwa dake kudancin Libya da Misra. Mafi yawan al'umman Kanuri a Najeriya suke, kuma suna zaune ne a jihohin Borno, Yobe, Adamawa da sauran su. Akwai masu amfani da harshen sama da mutane miliyan biyar (5,000,000) tun a binciken da aka gabatar a shekara ta alif 1987, amma ire-iren harshen Kanuri wato Manga Kanuri da Yerwa Kanuri (wanda ake kira da Beriberi, ana ganin jimillar masu magana da harsunan sunkai adadin miliyan biyar da dubu dari bakwai (5,700,000).

1. ↑ https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.guardian.ng/kanuri-culture-gets-boost-as-fg-announces-plans-for-kanem-borno-museum/&ved=2ahUKEwiEtt6lgvmGAxU7UkEAHUbyDAYQxfQBKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw33yf3QW90T2LF_YorIxVYT
2. ↑ https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://punchng.com/id4d-project-nigeria-secures-45-5m-wbank-funding-for-nin-push/%3Famp&ved=2ahUKEwj4zpThgvmGAxVCRvEDHag4BIEQyM8BKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw16a7v3CaanredNuJE8uAmL
3. ↑ https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cg3pgkd39zvo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwilxfXdg_mGAxVPTUEAHfupDT8QyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw0ORvrzOzCvDDwrMijWLrWH
4. ↑ https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/
5. ↑ https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/
6. ↑ https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-ship-attacks-israel-hamas-war-3c1756a60efb061960b6eda1bc580834&ved=2ahUKEwjtqqGphPmGAxUAUkEAHbVdB5YQxfQBKAB6BAgHEAE&usg=AOvVaw3uwGtbh37JkbZmKju13zkd
7. ↑ https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c0jjj5yk4wqo.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiSzqKFhfmGAxUfRkEAHdaMDSQQyM8BKAB6BAgHEAI&usg=AOvVaw3npMNFJp0I16P_BH_L_gww
8. ↑ https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://guardian.ng/on-the-pronoun-we-in-holy-quran-2/&ved=2ahUKEwi274z5hfmGAxXzVEEAHdHjAloQxfQBKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw3wyz4Bb9Q142V0YAw-sLW3
9. ↑ https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://punchng.com/terrorists-kidnap-travellers-along-maiduguri-kano-highway/%3Famp&ved=2ahUKEwjU_tyzhvmGAxXiXUEAHWg4CZwQyM8BKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw0OFgIg5PU6v7ZN3DYuzv--
10. ↑ https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/PeopleNgamdu.html#gsc.tab=0
11. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi0aVR4YkmUC
12. ↑ https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1912.html
13. ↑ "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
14. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi0aVR4YkmUC
15. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi0aVR4YkmUC
16. ↑ http://rulers.org/nigatrad.html
17. ↑ https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/
18. ↑ http://www.dierklange.com/pdf/fulltexts/kanem/003_Kanem-Bornu-Neu-Ethogenesis_Chadic_state_0106.pdf
19. ↑ https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1912.html
20. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Kanuri". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.