Opnokrilci

Opnokrilci
(Red Hymenoptera)
Vremenski raspon:
Trijas, prije 235 miliona godina → Sadašnjost
Opnokrilci; (Red Hymenoptera); Vremenski raspon:; Trijas, prije 235 miliona godina → Sadašnjost
Sistematika
Carstvo	Animalia
Koljeno	Arthropoda
Razred	Insecta
Potklasa	Pterygota
Red	Hymenoptera; Linnaeus, 1758.
Podredovi i natporodice
	Podredovi i natporodice: Symphyta Xyeloidea; Siricoidea; Tenthredinoidea; Pamphilioidea; Xiphydrioidea; Anaxyeloidea; Orussoidea; Cephoidea; Apocrita Stephanoidea; Proctotrupoidea; Cynipoidea; Chalcidoidea; Platygastroidea; Trigonaloidea; Ceraphronoidea; Evanioidea; Megalyroidea; Ichneumonoidea; Chrysidoidea; Scolioidea; Pompiloidea; Sphecoidea; Apoidea; Vespoidea; Formicoidea;

Opnokrilci (lat. Hymenoptera) je veliki red razreda Insecta, koja obuhvata lisne uši, ose, pčele i mrave. Do danas je opisano preko 150.000 postojećih vrsta himenoptera,^[1]^[2] uz još preko 2.000 izumrlih.^[3]

Ženke obično imaju poseban ovipozitor za polaganje jaja u domaćine ili mjesta koja inače nisu dostupna. Ovipozitor se često modificira u stinger. Mladi se razvijaju uz holometabolizam (kompletnu metamorfozu).

^ Mayhew, Peter J. (2007). "Why are there so many insect species? Perspectives from fossils and phylogenies". Biological Reviews. 82 (3): 425–454. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00018.x. PMID 17624962.
^ Janke, Axel; Klopfstein, Seraina; Vilhelmsen, Lars; Heraty, John M.; Sharkey, Michael; Ronquist, Fredrik (2013). "The Hymenopteran Tree of Life: Evidence from Protein-Coding Genes and Objectively Aligned Ribosomal Data". PLoS ONE. 8 (8): e69344. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...869344K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069344. PMC 3732274. PMID 23936325.
^ Aguiar, Alexandre P.; Deans, Andrew R.; Engel, Michael S.; Forshage, Mattias; Huber, John T.; et al. (30. 8. 2013). "Order Hymenoptera". u Zhang, Z.-Q. (ured.). Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa. 3703. str. 51. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12.

[Mayhew2007-1] Mayhew, Peter J. (2007). "Why are there so many insect species? Perspectives from fossils and phylogenies". Biological Reviews. 82 (3): 425–454. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00018.x. PMID 17624962.

[JankeKlopfstein2013-2] Janke, Axel; Klopfstein, Seraina; Vilhelmsen, Lars; Heraty, John M.; Sharkey, Michael; Ronquist, Fredrik (2013). "The Hymenopteran Tree of Life: Evidence from Protein-Coding Genes and Objectively Aligned Ribosomal Data". PLoS ONE. 8 (8): e69344. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...869344K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069344. PMC 3732274. PMID 23936325.

[3] Aguiar, Alexandre P.; Deans, Andrew R.; Engel, Michael S.; Forshage, Mattias; Huber, John T.; et al. (30. 8. 2013). "Order Hymenoptera". u Zhang, Z.-Q. (ured.). Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa. 3703. str. 51. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12.

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