Ulok

Sampol nin sarong babaeng nag-uulok

An pag-ulok iyo an marhay na pisikal na reaksyon asin emosyon na kompwesto parati nin ritmiko, parating pwedeng nadadangog na kontraksyon kan diaphragm asin iba pang parte kan sistemang respiratoryo. Iyo ini an simbag sa syertong panluwas o panlaog na stimuli. An pag-ulok pwedeng maglataw gikan sa siring na aktibidad siring kan pagkutok,^[1] o gikan sa makaulok na mga istorya o kaisipan.^[2] An pinakakomun, iyan konsiderado bilang sarong oditoryong ekspresyon nin bilang nin positibong kamugtakan sa emosyon, siring kan kagayagayahan, mirth, kaugmahan, o relief. Sa nagkapirang okasyon, minsan siring, posibleng magkawsa ini huli sa kontraryong kamugtakan sa emosyon siring kan pagkapasupog, pagkabigla, o pagkaribong siring kan nervous laughter or courtesy laugh. An edad, gender, edukasyon, tataramon, asin kultura gabos sinda mga indicators^[3] na kun baga an sarong tawo makakaranas nin pag-ulok sa sarong itinaong sitwasyon. Apwera sa mga tawo, an ibang mga espesye nin primate (chimpanzees, gorillas asin orangutans) nagpapahiling nin garo pag-ulok na bokalisasyon bilang simbag sa pisikal na kontak siring kan wrestling, burukodan o kurutukan.

Sarong kabtang kan gawe nin tawo an pag-ulok na kontrolado kan hutok, nagtatabang sa mga tawo na linawon an saindang intensyon sa sosyal na interaksyon asin magtao nin kontekstong emosyonal sa pakikipag-olay. Ginagamit an pag-ukok bilang sarong signal para sa pagigin kabtang kan sarong grupo—sinisignal kaini an pag-ako asin positibong interaksyon sa iba. Kun minsan nakakaulakit an pag-ulok, asin an pag-ulok nin sarong tawo pwedeng makapagpa-ulok sa iba bilang positibong feedback.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

An pag-aadal sa humor asin pag-ulok an saiyang sikolohikal asin pisyolohikal na mga epekto sa hawak nin tawo, inaapod na helotolohiya.

↑ Stearns, Frederic Rudolph (1972). Laughing: Physiology, Pathology, Psychology, Pathopsychology and Development. Springfield, Ill., Thomas. pp. 59–65. ISBN 978-0398024208.
↑ Shultz, T. R.; Horibe, F. (1974). "Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes". Developmental Psychology 10: 13–20. doi:10.1037/h0035549.
↑ Olmwake, Louise (1937). "A study of sense of humor: Its relation to sex, age and personal characteristics". Journal of Applied Psychology 45 (6): 688–704. doi:10.1037/h0055199.
↑ Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau, Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-691-11624-5 – ISBN 0-691-01211-3 (pbk.) p. 18.
↑ Blumer, Herbert (1998) [1969]. "Society as Symbolic Interaction". Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-520-05676-3. group action is the collective action of such individuals ['who fit their respective lines of action to one another through the process of interpretation']...the individuals composing...the group become 'carriers,' or media for the expression of such forces; and the interpretative behavior by means of which people form their actions is merely a coerced link in the play of such forces.
↑ Durkheim, Émile (1979) [1951]. "Imitation". Suicide: A Study in Sociology [Étude de sociologie]. Translated by Spaulding, John A.; Simpson, George. New York, NY: THE FREE PRESS. pp. 125, 129. ISBN 978-0-684-83632-4. Thus we yawn, laugh, weep, because we see someone yawn, laugh or weep...The name of imitation must then be reserved solely for such facts if it is to have clear meaning, and we shall say: Imitation exists when the immediate antecedent of an act is the representation of a like act, previously performed by someone else; with no explicit or implicit mental operation which bears upon the intrinsic nature of the act reproduced intervening between representation and execution.
↑ Bergson, Henri (26 July 2009) [1900]. "The Comic in General—The Comic Element in Forms and Movements—Expansive Force of the Comic". Laughter: an Essay on the Meaning of the Comic. Translated by Brereton L. ES L., M.A., Cloudesley; Rothwell B.A., Fred. Project Gutenberg. Laughter appears to stand in need of an echo, Listen to it carefully: it is not an articulate, clear, well-defined sound; it is something which would fain be prolonged by reverberating from one to another, something beginning with a crash, to continue in successive rumblings, like thunder in a mountain. Still, this reverberation cannot go on for ever. It can travel within as wide a circle as you please: the circle remains, none the less, a closed one.

[1] Stearns, Frederic Rudolph (1972). Laughing: Physiology, Pathology, Psychology, Pathopsychology and Development. Springfield, Ill., Thomas. pp. 59–65. ISBN 978-0398024208.

[2] Shultz, T. R.; Horibe, F. (1974). "Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes". Developmental Psychology 10: 13–20. doi:10.1037/h0035549.

[3] Olmwake, Louise (1937). "A study of sense of humor: Its relation to sex, age and personal characteristics". Journal of Applied Psychology 45 (6): 688–704. doi:10.1037/h0055199.

[4] Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau, Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-691-11624-5 – ISBN 0-691-01211-3 (pbk.) p. 18.

[5] Blumer, Herbert (1998) [1969]. "Society as Symbolic Interaction". Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-520-05676-3. group action is the collective action of such individuals ['who fit their respective lines of action to one another through the process of interpretation']...the individuals composing...the group become 'carriers,' or media for the expression of such forces; and the interpretative behavior by means of which people form their actions is merely a coerced link in the play of such forces.

[6] Durkheim, Émile (1979) [1951]. "Imitation". Suicide: A Study in Sociology [Étude de sociologie]. Translated by Spaulding, John A.; Simpson, George. New York, NY: THE FREE PRESS. pp. 125, 129. ISBN 978-0-684-83632-4. Thus we yawn, laugh, weep, because we see someone yawn, laugh or weep...The name of imitation must then be reserved solely for such facts if it is to have clear meaning, and we shall say: Imitation exists when the immediate antecedent of an act is the representation of a like act, previously performed by someone else; with no explicit or implicit mental operation which bears upon the intrinsic nature of the act reproduced intervening between representation and execution.

[7] Bergson, Henri (26 July 2009) [1900]. "The Comic in General—The Comic Element in Forms and Movements—Expansive Force of the Comic". Laughter: an Essay on the Meaning of the Comic. Translated by Brereton L. ES L., M.A., Cloudesley; Rothwell B.A., Fred. Project Gutenberg. Laughter appears to stand in need of an echo, Listen to it carefully: it is not an articulate, clear, well-defined sound; it is something which would fain be prolonged by reverberating from one to another, something beginning with a crash, to continue in successive rumblings, like thunder in a mountain. Still, this reverberation cannot go on for ever. It can travel within as wide a circle as you please: the circle remains, none the less, a closed one.

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