Seudosiyensya

A typical 19th-century phrenology chart: During the 1820s, phrenologists claimed the mind was located in areas of the brain, and were attacked for doubting that mind came from the nonmaterial soul. Their idea of reading "bumps" in the skull to predict personality traits was later discredited.^[1]^[2] Phrenology was first termed a pseudoscience in 1843 and continues to be considered so.^[3]

An seudosiyensya kompwesto nin statements, mga pagtubod, o kaugalian na naghihingako na siyentipiko asin factual alagad bakong compatible sa scientific method. An seudosiyensya parating karakterisado kan contradictory, eksaherado o unfalsifiable claims; reliance sa confirmation bias imbes na sa rigorous na pagbalo sa refutation; kawàran nin openness sa ebalwasyon kan ibang mga eksperto; kawàran nin sistematikong practices kapag nagpapa-uswag nin hypotheses; asin pagpadagos kan adherence pagkatawo kan seudosiyentipikong hypotheses nagin experimentally discredited.^[4]

↑ Bowler J (2003). Evolution: The History of an Idea (3rd ed.). University of California Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-520-23693-6.
↑ Parker Jones, O., Alfaro-Almagro, F., & Jbabdi, S. (2018). An empirical, 21st century evaluation of phrenology. Cortex. Volume 106. pp. 26–35. doi: doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.04.011
↑ Error sa pag-cite: Imbalidong <ref> tatak; mayong teksto na ipinagtao para sa reperensiya na pinagngaranan na Magendie1843
↑ Hansson, Sven Ove (2008), "Science and Pseudoscience", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Section 2: The "science" of pseudoscience, archived from the original on 6 September 2008, retrieved 8 April 2009 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |name-list-style= ignored (help)

[bowler-1] Bowler J (2003). Evolution: The History of an Idea (3rd ed.). University of California Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-520-23693-6.

[dtg6e-2] Parker Jones, O., Alfaro-Almagro, F., & Jbabdi, S. (2018). An empirical, 21st century evaluation of phrenology. Cortex. Volume 106. pp. 26–35. doi: doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.04.011

[Magendie1843-3] Error sa pag-cite: Imbalidong <ref> tatak; mayong teksto na ipinagtao para sa reperensiya na pinagngaranan na Magendie1843

[SEP_section_SciPse-4] Hansson, Sven Ove (2008), "Science and Pseudoscience", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Section 2: The "science" of pseudoscience, archived from the original on 6 September 2008, retrieved 8 April 2009 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |name-list-style= ignored (help)

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