Race (klassifikation af mennesker)

Denne artikel bør gennemlæses af en person med fagkendskab for at sikre den faglige korrekthed.

For alternative betydninger, se Race (flertydig). (Se også artikler, som begynder med Race)

Begrebet race anvendt som klassifikation af mennesker er en tidligere fremherskende forestilling om, at nutidsmennesket (homo sapiens sapiens) kan inddeles i selvstændige typer baseret på varierende genetisk betingede og derfor arvelige egenskaber. I den traditionelle racelære, der især var fremherskende fra en gang i 1800-tallet til midten af 1900-tallet, kunne menneskeheden inddeles i tre-fem hovedracer, som igen lejlighedsvis blev opdelt i mange underracer. Racelæren blev i flere lande brugt til at legitimere en systematisk diskrimination. Et af de værste eksempler herpå var holocaust-folkemordene i det nazistiske Tyskland.

Siden har den videnskabelige opfattelse af spørgsmålet ændret sig fundamentalt, og ifølge moderne genetik og fysisk antropologi kan nutidsmennesker ikke inddeles i sådanne racer.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Den traditionelle raceinddeling spiller imidlertid stadig en rolle i mange samfund som en social og kulturel kategori. Raceprofilering, også kaldet etnisk profilering, anvendes således i politiets efterforskning af kriminalitet i mange lande. Indenfor lægevidenskaben har nogle studier også antydet, at befolkningsgrupper inddelt efter traditionelle racemæssige kriterier er forskelligt disponerede for nogle sygdomme og kan reagere forskelligt på den samme medicin. Nogle medicinske forskere arbejder for at fastslå, om der er genetiske grunde hertil.

^ Templeton, A. R. (1998). "Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective". American Anthropologist. 100 (3): 632-650.
^ Williams, S. M.; Templeton, A. R. (2003). "Race and Genomics". New England Journal of Medicine. 348: 2581-2582.
^ Templeton, A. R. The genetic and evolutionary significance of human races. In: Race and Intelligence: Separating Science From Myth. J. M. Fish, ed. Pp. 31-56. Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002.
^ Keita (2004). "Conceptualizing human variation". Nature. 36: S17-S20. doi:10.1038/ng1455. PMID 15507998. Modern human biological variation is not structured into phylogenetic subspecies ('races'), nor are the taxa of the standard anthropological 'racial' classifications breeding populations. The 'racial taxa' do not meet the phylogenetic criteria. 'Race' denotes socially constructed units as a function of the incorrect usage of the term. {{cite journal}}: Ukendt parameter |coauthors= ignoreret (|author= foreslået) (hjælp)
^ Harrison, Guy (2010). Race and Reality. Amherst: Prometheus Books. Race is a poor empirical description of the patterns of difference that we encounter within our species. The billions of humans alive today simply do not fit into neat and tidy biological boxes called races. Science has proven this conclusively. The concept of race (...) is not scientific and goes against what is known about our ever-changing and complex biological diversity.
^ Roberts, Dorothy (2011). Fatal Invention. London, New York: The New Press. The genetic differences that exist among populations are characterized by gradual changes across geographic regions, not sharp, categorical distinctions. Groups of people across the globe have varying frequencies of polymorphic genes, which are genes with any of several differing nucleotide sequences. There is no such thing as a set of genes that belongs exclusively to one group and not to another. The clinal, gradually changing nature of geographic genetic difference is complicated further by the migration and mixing that human groups have engaged in since prehistory. Human beings do not fit the zoological definition of race. A mountain of evidence assembled by historians, anthropologists, and biologists proves that race is not and cannot be a natural division of human beings.
^ serc.carleton.edu: A New Perspective on Race Citat: "...Findings from Genetic Research...Human beings have very low genetic variability. Probably the entire species is descended from a single family that lived about 200,000 years ago. Most (85%) of our genetic variation is within [tilføjet fed skrift] populations rather than among them, even when different sequences of DNA (or proteins) are examined (Barbujani et al., 1997). Statistical divisions of humanity based on different kinds of genetic data do not [tilføjet fed skrift] group people consistently into races (Romualdi, 2002 )..."
^ 4. sep 2007, Ing.dk: Ny DNA-kortlægning: Vi er langt mere forskellige, end vi troede Arkiveret 8. september 2007 hos Wayback Machine Citat: "...Du kan have adskillige gener, der disponerer, at du får kongeblå øjne, sofa-håndtag, krøller og en yderst høj risiko for at få en blodprop. Alligevel kan du ligeså vel ende med at blive en slank starut med skaldet isse, grønne øjne og aldrig opleve, at et af dine blodkar bliver tilstoppet. Vores genetiske koder er nemlig langt mere komplicerede og unikke, end videnskaben hidtil har troet..."

[1] Templeton, A. R. (1998). "Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective". American Anthropologist. 100 (3): 632-650.

[2] Williams, S. M.; Templeton, A. R. (2003). "Race and Genomics". New England Journal of Medicine. 348: 2581-2582.

[3] Templeton, A. R. The genetic and evolutionary significance of human races. In: Race and Intelligence: Separating Science From Myth. J. M. Fish, ed. Pp. 31-56. Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002.

[Keita2-4] Keita (2004). "Conceptualizing human variation". Nature. 36: S17-S20. doi:10.1038/ng1455. PMID 15507998. Modern human biological variation is not structured into phylogenetic subspecies ('races'), nor are the taxa of the standard anthropological 'racial' classifications breeding populations. The 'racial taxa' do not meet the phylogenetic criteria. 'Race' denotes socially constructed units as a function of the incorrect usage of the term. {{cite journal}}: Ukendt parameter |coauthors= ignoreret (|author= foreslået) (hjælp)

[harrison1-5] Harrison, Guy (2010). Race and Reality. Amherst: Prometheus Books. Race is a poor empirical description of the patterns of difference that we encounter within our species. The billions of humans alive today simply do not fit into neat and tidy biological boxes called races. Science has proven this conclusively. The concept of race (...) is not scientific and goes against what is known about our ever-changing and complex biological diversity.

[roberts1-6] Roberts, Dorothy (2011). Fatal Invention. London, New York: The New Press. The genetic differences that exist among populations are characterized by gradual changes across geographic regions, not sharp, categorical distinctions. Groups of people across the globe have varying frequencies of polymorphic genes, which are genes with any of several differing nucleotide sequences. There is no such thing as a set of genes that belongs exclusively to one group and not to another. The clinal, gradually changing nature of geographic genetic difference is complicated further by the migration and mixing that human groups have engaged in since prehistory. Human beings do not fit the zoological definition of race. A mountain of evidence assembled by historians, anthropologists, and biologists proves that race is not and cannot be a natural division of human beings.

[7] serc.carleton.edu: A New Perspective on Race Citat: "...Findings from Genetic Research...Human beings have very low genetic variability. Probably the entire species is descended from a single family that lived about 200,000 years ago. Most (85%) of our genetic variation is within [tilføjet fed skrift] populations rather than among them, even when different sequences of DNA (or proteins) are examined (Barbujani et al., 1997). Statistical divisions of humanity based on different kinds of genetic data do not [tilføjet fed skrift] group people consistently into races (Romualdi, 2002 )..."

[8] 4. sep 2007, Ing.dk: Ny DNA-kortlægning: Vi er langt mere forskellige, end vi troede Arkiveret 8. september 2007 hos Wayback Machine Citat: "...Du kan have adskillige gener, der disponerer, at du får kongeblå øjne, sofa-håndtag, krøller og en yderst høj risiko for at få en blodprop. Alligevel kan du ligeså vel ende med at blive en slank starut med skaldet isse, grønne øjne og aldrig opleve, at et af dine blodkar bliver tilstoppet. Vores genetiske koder er nemlig langt mere komplicerede og unikke, end videnskaben hidtil har troet..."

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]