1410s

The 1410s decade ran from January 1, 1410, to December 31, 1419.

Events

1410

January–December

March 25 – The first of the Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols is launched, leading to the fall of Öljei Temür Khan.
March 29 – The Aragonese capture Oristano, capital of the Giudicato di Arborea in Sardinia.
June 15 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi outside the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.^[1]
July 11 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi outside the Ottoman capital, Edirne.^[2]
July 15 – Battle of Grunwald (Žalgiris), also known as Battle of Tannenberg: Polish and Lithuanian forces under cousins Jogaila and Vytautas the Great decisively defeat the forces of the Teutonic Knights, whose power is broken.^[3]

Date unknown

Jan Hus is excommunicated by the Archbishop of Prague.
Antipope John XXIII is elected.
Construction begins on Castle Woerden in the Netherlands.
The Prague Astronomical Clock (also known as Prague Orloj) is built by Mikuláš of Kadaň and Jan Šindel in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.

1411

January–December

February 1 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed at Thorn in the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, ending the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War.
February 17 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi is killed after being forced to flee his capital, Edirne, by his brother Musa Çelebi. Rule of the Ottoman domains in Europe (Rumelia) passes to Musa.^[4]
July 6 – Ming Dynasty Admiral Zheng He returns to Nanjing after his second voyage, and presents the Sinhalese king, captured during the Ming–Kotte War, to the Yongle Emperor.
July 24 – Battle of Harlaw in Scotland: Domhnall of Islay, Lord of the Isles, and an army commanded by Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar battle to a bloody draw.
September 3 – The Treaty of Selymbria is concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice.
September 21 – King Henry IV of England calls his ninth parliament.
November 30 – Henry IV dismisses Prince Henry and his supporters from the government.

Date unknown

Under the Yongle Emperor of Ming China, work begins to reinstate the ancient Grand Canal of China, which fell into disuse and dilapidation during the previous Yuan dynasty. Between 1411 and 1415, a total of 165,000 laborers dredge the canal bed in Shandong, build new channels, embankments, and canal locks. Four large reservoirs in Shandong are also dug, in order to regulate water levels, instead of resorting to pumping water from local tables. A large dam is also constructed, to divert water from the Wen River southwest into the Grand Canal.
Constantinople is briefly besieged by the Ottoman pretender Musa Çelebi, due to Byzantine support for Süleyman Çelebi during the Ottoman Interregnum.
(possibly early 1412) The Battle of İnceğiz between the rival brothers Mehmed Çelebi and Musa Çelebi, during the Ottoman Interregnum.

1412

January–December

January 16 – The Medici Family are made official bankers of the Papacy.
January 25 – Ernest, Duke of Austria, marries Cymburgis of Masovia.
February 28 – The University of St Andrews in Scotland is granted a charter of privilege by the local bishop.^[5]
July 24 – Behnam Hadloyo becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Mardin.^[6]
October 5 – Emperor Go-Komatsu abdicates, and Emperor Shoko accedes to the throne of Japan.
October 28 – Eric of Pomerania becomes sole ruler of the Kalmar Union (Sweden, Denmark and Norway), upon the death of Queen Margaret.
December – Battle of Chalagan: The Kara Koyunlu Turkomans defeat the Georgians under Constantine I of Georgia, and their ally Ibrahim I of Shirvan.

Date unknown

The first mention is made of Wallachian knights competing in a jousting tournament, in Buda.
John II of Castile declares the Valladolid laws, that restrict the social rights of Jews. Among many other restrictions, the laws force Jews to wear distinctive clothes, and deny them administrative positions.
Years after its publication in the 14th century, the Ming Dynasty Chinese artillery officer Jiao Yu adds the preface to his classic book on gunpowder warfare, the Huolongjing.

1413

January–December

March 21 – Henry V becomes King of England following the death of his father Henry IV.^[7]
July 5 – Battle of Çamurlu: Mehmed I defeats his brother Musa, ending the Ottoman Interregnum.
August 28 – The University of St Andrews in Scotland is chartered by papal bull.^[8]
October 2 – The Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania sign the Union of Horodło.
October 12 – Tewodros I ascends the throne as Emperor of Ethiopia following the death of his father Dawit I

Date unknown

Samogitia becomes the last region in Europe to be Christianized.^[9]
The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty begin in Korea.

1414

January–December

January 7 – Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg becomes the 28th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.
May 28 – Khizr Khan (Timur's governor of Multan) takes the Delhi Sultanate from Daulat Khan Lodi, founding the Sayyid Dynasty.
June 23 – Yeshaq I, succeeds his brother Tewodros I as Emperor of Ethiopia
August 6 – Joanna II succeeds her brother Ladislaus, as Queen of Naples.
November 16 – The Council of Constance begins in order to end the western schism.

Date unknown

Ernest, Duke of Austria (head of the Leopoldian line of the House of Habsburg) is the last duke to be enthroned in the Duchy of Carinthia, according to the ancient Carantanian ritual of installing dukes at the Prince's Stone; he adopts the title of Archduke.
Alien priory cells are suppressed in England.^[where?]^[10]
The Tibetan lama Je Tsongkhapa, of the Gelug school of Buddhism, declines the offer of the Yongle Emperor of China to appear in the capital at Nanjing, although he sends his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes, who is given the title "State Teacher". The later Xuande Emperor will grant Yeshes the title of a king, upon a return visit to China (to the new capital at Beijing).
Durham School is founded as a grammar school in the city of Durham, England by Thomas Langley, Prince-Bishop of Durham; it continues in existence as an independent school 600 years later.

1415

January–December

April 30 – Frederick I becomes Elector of Brandenburg.
June 5 – The Council of Constance condemns the writings of John Wycliffe and asks Jan Hus to recant in public his heresy; after his denial, he is tried for heresy, excommunicated, then sentenced to be burned at the stake.
July 4 – Pope Gregory XII officially opens the Council of Constance, and then abdicates. He is the last pope to resign, until Pope Benedict XVI in 2013.
July 6 – Jan Hus is burned at the stake in Konstanz.
July 31 – Henry V of England is informed of the Southampton Plot against him; he has the leaders arrested and executed, before invading France.
August 21 – Conquest of Ceuta: Portugal conquers the city of Ceuta from the Moors, initiating the Portuguese Empire, and European expansion and colonialism.
October 25 – Battle of Agincourt: Archers of Henry V of England are instrumental in defeating a massed army of French knights.^[11]

Date unknown

Avignon Pope Benedict XIII orders all Talmuds to be delivered to the diocese, and held until further notice.
The Swiss Confederation takes the territory of Aargau from the house of Habsburg.
The Grand Canal of China is reinstated by this year after it had fallen out of use; restoration began in 1411, and was a response by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty to improve the grain shipment system of tribute traveling from south to north, towards his new capital at Beijing. With this action, the food supply crisis is solved by the end of the year.

1416

January–December

January 27 – The Republic of Ragusa is the first state in Europe to outlaw slavery.
May 29 – Battle of Gallipoli: Venetian admiral Pietro Loredan destroys the Ottoman fleet.
May 30 – The Catholic Church burns Jerome of Prague as a heretic.

Date unknown

The Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge (the longest arch bridge in the world at the time) is destroyed.
The Hussite Bible is completed by Tamás Pécsi and Bálint Újlaki.

1417

January–December

June 29 – An English fleet, led by the Earl of Huntingdon, defeats a fleet of Genoese carracks and captures their admiral, the "Bastard of Bourbon".^[12]
July 27 – Avignon Pope Benedict XIII is deposed, bringing to an end the Great Western Schism.
August 12 – King Henry V of England begins using English in correspondence (back to England from France whilst on campaign), marking the beginning of this king's continuous usage of English in prose, and the beginning of the restoration of English as an official language for the first time since the Norman Conquest, some 350 years earlier.
September 20 – Henry V of England captures Caen, Normandy, which remains in English hands until 1450.
November 14 – Pope Martin V succeeds Pope Gregory XII (who abdicated in 1415), as the 206th pope.

Date unknown

The earliest extant description of Tynwald Day; the annual meeting of the Isle of Man's parliament (Tynwald) is written down in law.^[13]
The use of street lighting is first recorded in London, England when Sir Henry Barton, the mayor, orders lanterns with lights to be hung out on the winter evenings, between Hallowtide and Candlemas.
Mircea cel Bătrân loses Dobruja to the Ottomans and pays them tribute, thus preventing Wallachia from becoming an Ottoman province.
Chimalpopoca, son of Huitzilihuitl, succeeds his father as Tlatoani (monarch) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City)^[14]

1418

January–December

January 31 – Mircea I of Wallachia is succeeded by Michael I of Wallachia.
April 22 – The Council of Constance ends.^[15]
May 29 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, captures Paris.

July – The English Siege of Rouen begins.^[16]

September 18 – King Taejong (r. 1400-1418) of the Joseon dynasty abdicates the throne. King Sejong ascends to the throne.

Date unknown

João Gonçalves Zarco leads one of the first Portuguese expeditions to the Madeira Islands.

1419

January–December

January 19 – Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England, which brings Normandy under the control of England.^[17]
June 20 – The Ōei Invasion of Tsushima Island, Japan by Joseon Korea begins.
July 30 – The first Defenestration of Prague occurs in Bohemia.
August – Siege of Ceuta: The Portuguese successfully defend off the invading Moroccans who attempt to retake the city of Ceuta.
September 10 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin.
November – The Ottoman–Venetian peace treaty ends four years of conflict, by recognizing Venetian possessions in the Aegean and the Balkans.

Date unknown

Portuguese sea captains João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira, at the service of Prince Henry the Navigator, discover the Madeira Islands.
The University of Rostock is established as the oldest university of northern Europe.^[18]
The Timurid ruler of Persia, Mirza Shahrukh (r. 1404–1447), sends a large embassy to the court of the Yongle Emperor of China. One of the Persian envoys, Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh, keeps a diary of his travels throughout China, which soon becomes widely known throughout Iranian and the Turkic Middle East, thanks to its inclusion into historical works by Hafiz-i Abru, and Abdur Razzaq. Naqqash writes about China's wealthy economy and huge urban markets, its efficient courier system as compared to that in Persia, the hospitality of his hosts at the courier stations in providing comfortable lodging and food, and the fine luxurious goods and craftsmanship of the Chinese.
Mihail I defends Wallachia against the Ottomans, with Hungarian help.
The final 41 treasure ships are built in the Nanjing shipyards, used in the expeditions of Zheng He.^[19]

^ Kastritsis, Dimitris (2007). The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402-13. BRILL. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8.
^ Kastritsis, Dimitris (2007). The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402-13. BRILL. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8.
^ Knoll, Paul W. (1983). "In Search of the Battle of Grunwald. Review of Die Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410, Quellenkritische Untersuchungen, vol. I: Einführung und Quellenlage by S. Ekdahl". The Polish Review. 28 (3): 67–76. JSTOR 25777993.
^ Kastritsis, Dimitris (2007). The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402-13. BRILL. pp. 153–158. ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8.
^ "Mediaeval university" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-22. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
^ Barsoum, Ephrem (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press. p. 497.
^ "Henry V". Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
^ Great Britain. Commission for Visiting the Universities and Colleges of Scotland (1837). University of St. Andrews. London: W. Clowes and Sons. p. 173.
^ Bojtár, Endre (1999). Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People. CEU Press. p. 140. ISBN 963-9116-42-4.
^ "Priory". All Web Hunt. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
^ Michael Jones (4 August 2016). 24 Hours at Agincourt: 25 October 1415. Ebury Publishing. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-7535-5546-0.
^ David Charles Douglas (1969). English historical documents. 4. [Late medieval]. 1327 - 1485. Psychology Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-415-60467-3.
^ "p001-004 Lex Scripta, 1819". www.isle-of-man.com.
^ "Huitzilíhuitl, "Pluma de colibrí" (1396-1417)" [Huitzilíhuitl, "Hummingbird Feather" (1396-1417)]. Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). July 2, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
^ Reich, Emil (1915). Select Documents Illustrating Mediæval and Modern History (in French). P.S. King & Son. pp. 197–198.
^ Wagner, J. A. (2006). Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 322. ISBN 0-313-32736-X. OCLC 65205034.
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1911). "Henry V.". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 284–285.
^ "University - University of Rostock". www.uni-rostock.de. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
^ Church, Sally K. (2005). "Zheng He: An Investigation into the Plausibility of 450-Ft Treasure Ships". Monumenta Serica. 53: 1–43. doi:10.1179/mon.2005.53.1.001. ISSN 0254-9948. JSTOR 40727457. S2CID 161434221.

[1] Kastritsis, Dimitris (2007). The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402-13. BRILL. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8.

[2] Kastritsis, Dimitris (2007). The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402-13. BRILL. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8.

[3] Knoll, Paul W. (1983). "In Search of the Battle of Grunwald. Review of Die Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410, Quellenkritische Untersuchungen, vol. I: Einführung und Quellenlage by S. Ekdahl". The Polish Review. 28 (3): 67–76. JSTOR 25777993.

[4] Kastritsis, Dimitris (2007). The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402-13. BRILL. pp. 153–158. ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8.

[5] "Mediaeval university" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-22. Retrieved 2022-07-24.

[6] Barsoum, Ephrem (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press. p. 497.

[7] "Henry V". Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2020-02-15.

[8] Great Britain. Commission for Visiting the Universities and Colleges of Scotland (1837). University of St. Andrews. London: W. Clowes and Sons. p. 173.

[9] Bojtár, Endre (1999). Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People. CEU Press. p. 140. ISBN 963-9116-42-4.

[10] "Priory". All Web Hunt. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2013.

[11] Michael Jones (4 August 2016). 24 Hours at Agincourt: 25 October 1415. Ebury Publishing. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-7535-5546-0.

[12] David Charles Douglas (1969). English historical documents. 4. [Late medieval]. 1327 - 1485. Psychology Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-415-60467-3.

[13] "p001-004 Lex Scripta, 1819". www.isle-of-man.com.

[Archeologia-14] "Huitzilíhuitl, "Pluma de colibrí" (1396-1417)" [Huitzilíhuitl, "Hummingbird Feather" (1396-1417)]. Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). July 2, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2019.

[15] Reich, Emil (1915). Select Documents Illustrating Mediæval and Modern History (in French). P.S. King & Son. pp. 197–198.

[16] Wagner, J. A. (2006). Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 322. ISBN 0-313-32736-X. OCLC 65205034.

[17] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1911). "Henry V.". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 284–285.

[18] "University - University of Rostock". www.uni-rostock.de. Retrieved 2021-07-31.

[19] Church, Sally K. (2005). "Zheng He: An Investigation into the Plausibility of 450-Ft Treasure Ships". Monumenta Serica. 53: 1–43. doi:10.1179/mon.2005.53.1.001. ISSN 0254-9948. JSTOR 40727457. S2CID 161434221.

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