2021 Texas power crisis

February 2021 Texas power crisis

February 7, before February 16, after Satellite images of Houston before and after the storm.[1] The dark patches in the latter image depict areas left without electricity.
Date	February 10–27, 2021 (2021-02-10 – 2021-02-27)[2] (2 weeks and 3 days)
Location	Texas, United States
Also known as	The Great Texas Freeze
Type	Statewide power outages, food/water shortages
Cause	February 2021 North American cold wave and accompanying winter storms
Deaths	246[3] to 702 (estimate)[4]
Property damage	≥ $195 billion (2021 USD)[5]

In February 2021, the state of Texas suffered a major power crisis, which came about during three severe winter storms sweeping across the United States on February 10–11,^[6] 13–17,^[7] and 15–20. The storms triggered the worst energy infrastructure failure in Texas state history, leading to shortages of water, food, and heat.^[8] More than 4.5 million homes and businesses were left without power,^{[9][10][11][12]} some for several days. At least 246 people were killed directly or indirectly,^[3] with some estimates as high as 702 killed as a result of the crisis.^[4]

State officials, including Republican governor Greg Abbott,^[13] initially blamed^[14] the outages on frozen wind turbines and solar panels. Data showed that failure to winterize power sources, principally natural gas infrastructure but also to a lesser extent wind turbines, had caused the grid failure,^[15][16] with a drop in power production from natural gas more than five times greater than that from wind turbines. Texas's power grid has long been separate from the two major national grids to avoid federal oversight, though it is still connected to the other national grids and Mexico's;^[17] the limited number of ties made it difficult for the state to import electricity from other states during the crisis.^[18] Deregulation of its electricity market beginning in the 1990s resulted in competition in wholesale electricity prices, but also cost cutting for contingency preparation.^[18]

The crisis drew much attention to the state's lack of preparedness for such storms,^[19] and to a report from U.S. federal regulators ten years earlier that had warned Texas that its power plants would fail in sufficiently cold conditions.^[20][21] Damages due to the cold wave and winter storm were estimated to be at least $195 billion,^[5] likely the most expensive disaster in the state's history.^[22] According to the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), the Texas power grid was four minutes and 37 seconds away from complete failure when partial grid shutdowns were implemented.^[23][24] During the crisis, some energy firms made billions in profits, while others went bankrupt, due to some firms being able to pass extremely high wholesale prices ($9,000/MWh, typically $50/MWh) on to consumers, while others could not, with this price being allegedly held at the $9,000 cap by ERCOT for two days longer than necessary, creating $16 billion in unnecessary charges.^[25][26]