990s

The 990s decade ran from January 1, 990, to December 31, 999.

Events

990

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Europe
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Africa
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Religion
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  • June – The Pax Ecclesiae, an edict by the Catholic Church, is promulgated. Held at three synods in different parts of southern and central France (at Charroux, Narbonne and Puy), it attempts to outlaw acts of war against non-combatants and the clergy.

991

Unknown dates

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992

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Worldwide
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  • Winter – A superflare from the sun causes an Aurora Borealis, with visibility as far south as Germany and Korea. [3]
Europe
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993

By place

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Europe
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By topic

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Religion
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Astronomy
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994

By place

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Byzantine Empire
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Europe
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England
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By topic

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Astronomy
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995

By place

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Japan
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Byzantine Empire
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Europe
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Scotland
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England
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Asia
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Armenia
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  • 995 Balu earthquake. It reportedly affected the Armenian areas of Balu, Cop'k (or Covk'), Palnatun (or Palin), and the districts of Hasteank and Xorjean. The areas affected were districts in what is currently the border area between Armenia and Turkey.[13]

996

By place

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Japan
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  • 2 March: Emperor Ichijo orders the imperial police to raid Korechika's residence; Empress Teishi (sister of Korechika) cuts her hair because of the humiliation; Takaie is arrested, Korechika is absent.
  • 5 March: Korechika returns with his head shaven and attired as a monk.
Europe
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Africa
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China
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By topic

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Religion
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997

By place

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Japan
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  • 1 February: Empress Teishi gives birth to Princess Shushi - she is the first child of the emperor, but because of the power struggle between Michinaga and Korechika, the empress is not allowed to go to the palace.
  • 18 May: The imperial court decides to pardon Korechika and Takaie, under the illness of Teishi.
Byzantine Empire
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Europe
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Scotland
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Central Asia
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China
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By topic

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Religion
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  • Spring – Pope Gregory V is exiled during a rebellion led by Crescentius II (the Younger), patrician (the de facto ruler) of Rome. The Crescentii family appoints Giovanni Filagato (former tutor of Otto III) as an antipope under the name John XVI (or XVII), until 998.
  • April 23Adalbert, exiled bishop of Prague, organises a mission to convert the Old Prussians in north-east Poland. On his way, Adalbert is murdered by pagans on the Baltic coast. His body is bought back for its weight in gold by Duke Bolesław I (the Brave).[19]
  • The first documented reference of Gdańsk is made by Adalbert. During his mission he baptises the inhabitants of the city called Gyddannyzc.

998

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Europe
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Arabian Empire
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Japan
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Religion
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999

By place and name

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Japan
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  • 9 February: The Mogi Ceremony of Fujiwara no Shoshi is held (she later becomes empress).
  • December: Empress Teishi gives birth to Prince Atsuyasu (who becomes the imperial heir), but on the next day, her rival, Fujiwara no Shoshi, is promoted to Consort.
Europe
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Ireland
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Central Asia
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Religion
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  1. ^ Antonopoulos, 1980
  2. ^ John Haywood (1995). The Historical Atlas of the Vikings: Raids on Æthelred's Kingdom, pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-0-140-51328-8.
  3. ^ "Mystery glow that lit up the night sky in 992 C.E. Explained".
  4. ^ John Julius Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee, p. 257. ISBN 0-394-53779-3.
  5. ^ Bernard S. Bachrach, Warfare and Military Organization in Pre-Crusade Europe (Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, UK & Burlington, VT, 2002), IX, p. 66.
  6. ^ Mekhaldi, Florian; Muscheler, Raimund; Adolphi, Florian; Aldahan, Ala; Beer, Jürg; McConnell, Joseph R.; Possnert, Göran; Sigl, Michael; Svensson, Anders; Synal, Hans-Arno; Welten, Kees C. (2015-10-26). "Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic-ray events of AD 774/5 and 993/4". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 8611. doi:10.1038/ncomms9611. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4639793. PMID 26497389.
  7. ^ Reuter, Timothy (1992). Germany in the Early Middle Ages, 800-1036, London and New York.
  8. ^ Reuter, Timothy (1999). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III, p. 257. ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8.
  9. ^ John Haywood (1995). The Historical Atlas of the Vikings: Raids on Æthelred's Kingdom, p. 119. ISBN 978-0-140-51328-8.
  10. ^ Read, Piers Paul (1999). The Templars. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 0-297-84267-6.
  11. ^ "Boleslaus II the Pious". www.kralovskacesta.cz. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  12. ^ Twitchett, Denis; Tietze, Klaus-Peter (1994). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6, pp. 43–153. ISBN 0-521-24331-9.
  13. ^ Guidoboni, Traina, 1995, p. 126-127
  14. ^ François Neveux, A Brief History of the Normans (Constable and Robinson, 2008) p. 74.
  15. ^ Gil, Moshe (1997). A History of Palestine, 634–1099, pp. 369–370. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59984-9.
  16. ^ Paul Stephenson (2003). The Legend of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81530-4.
  17. ^ Collins, Roger (1983). Early Medieval Spain, p. 199. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-22464-8.
  18. ^ Christine Schefte (20 June 2012). "Hva husker du fra 1000-årsjubileet?" (in Norwegian). Adressa. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  19. ^ Richard Brzezinski (1990). History of Poland: The Piast Dynasty - Bolesław the Brave, p.16. ISBN 83-7212-019-6.
  20. ^ John Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee, pp. 255–256. ISBN 0-394-53779-3.
  21. ^ John Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee, p. 257. ISBN 0-394-53779-3.
  22. ^ Reuter, Timothy (1992). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III, p. 258. ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8.
  23. ^ James Palmer (2014). The Apocalypse in the Early Middle Ages, p. 215. Cambridge University Press.
  24. ^ Gil, Moshe (1997). A History of Palestine, 634–1099, pp. 369–370. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59984-9.
  25. ^ Uji Travel: Byodoin Temple - Japan Guide (Retrieved August 4, 2017).

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