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African-American culture

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African-American culture,[1][2] also known as Black American culture or Black culture in American English,[3][4][5][6][7] refers to the cultural expressions of African Americans, either as part of or distinct from mainstream American culture. African-American culture has been influential on American and global worldwide culture as a whole.[8][9][10]

From their origins in Africa and subsequent journey to the Americas to modern-day accomplishments, African American culture is not simply defined by race or historical struggle[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] but is deeply rooted in shared practices, identity, and community. African American culture encompasses many aspects, including spiritual beliefs[18] social customs, lifestyles, and worldviews. When blended together these have allowed African Americans to create successes and excel in the areas of literature, media, cinema, music, architecture, art, politics,[19] and business, as well as cuisine[20][21] marriage,[22] and family,[23][24]

A relatively unknown aspect of African American culture is the significant impact it has had on both science and industry. Some elements of African American culture come from within the community, others from the interaction of African Americans with the wider diaspora[25] of people of African origin[26] displaced throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, and others still from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community.

In addition, African American culture is influenced by Indigenous African Culture, Native American culture, some European culture[27] and more recently, Asian American culture.

Before the Civil Rights Movement, religious and spiritual life[28] dominated many aspects of African American culture, deeply influencing cultural expression. Since the Movement, which was a mere 60 years ago—effectively just two generations—African Americans have built on the foundation of resilience and advocacy established during that era. This legacy has catalyzed significant progress, enabling African Americans to achieve success across every field of American life.[29]

African-Americans have faced racial biases throughout various periods since arriving in the United States, these systemic injustices have included, but are not limited to; enslavement, oppressive legislation like discriminatory Jim Crow laws, societal segregation, as well as overt denial of basic human Civil Rights. Racism has caused many African-Americans to be excluded from many aspects of American life during various points throughout American history and these experiences have profoundly influenced African-American culture,[30][31] and how African Americans choose to interact with the broader American society.[32][33]

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  2. ^ "Black History and Culture". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  3. ^ "The Montgomery Advertiser 20 Feb 2020, page D6". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  4. ^ Brown, Angela (October 2013). "Cultural Perspective on African American Culture" (PDF). The International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies. 1 (2). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2023 – via AIAC.
  5. ^ "The News and Observer 22 Jan 1997, page 12". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  6. ^ "Journal and Courier 21 Sep 2008, page 13". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
  7. ^ "Black is Beautiful: The Emergence of Black Culture and Identity in the 60s and 70s". National Museum of African American History and Culture. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
  8. ^ Mcmanus, Melanie (May 27, 2021). "Dancing at the new National Museum of African American Music in Nashville". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  9. ^ White, Constance. "How African Americans Have Influenced Style and Culture". Time. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  10. ^ Reynolds, Marcellas (2019). Supreme Models Iconic Black Women Who Revolutionized Fashion. ABRAMS. ISBN 9781683356622. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023.
  11. ^ Washington, Harriet A. (2008). Medical apartheid: the dark history of medical experimentation on Black Americans from colonial times to the present. New York, NY: Anchor books. ISBN 978-0-7679-1547-2.
  12. ^ Rediker, Marcus (2008). The slave ship: a human history. A Penguin book History African-American studies. New York, NY: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-311425-3.
  13. ^ Woodward, C. Vann (2002). The strange career of Jim Crow (Commemorative ed.). Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514689-9.
  14. ^ Anderson, James D. (1995). The education of Blacks in the South, 1860 - 1935 (Nachdr. ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4221-8.
  15. ^ Lowery, Wesley (2016). They can't kill us all: the story of the struggle for Black lives (First Back Bay paperback ed.). New York, NY: Back Bay Books : Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-31249-3. OCLC 968310784. Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  16. ^ Baradaran, Mehrsa (2019). The color of money: black banks and the racial wealth gap (First Harvard University Press paperback ed.). Cambridge London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-23747-6.
  17. ^ Alexander, Michelle (2012). The new Jim Crow: mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness (Revised paperback ed.). New York: New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-643-8.
  18. ^ Latimore, David (August 27, 2024). "Henry Louis Gates Jr., The Black Church: This Is Our Story, This Is Our Song". Homiletic. 49 (1): 72–73. doi:10.15695/hmltc.v49i1.5632. ISSN 2152-6923. Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  19. ^ "In Search of the Black Fantastic: Politics and Popular Culture in the Post Civil-Rights Era (review)". American Studies. 50 (3–4): 151–152. September 2009. doi:10.1353/ams.2009.0009. ISSN 2153-6856.
  20. ^ "High on the Hog: A Culinary Journey from Africa to America". Science. 377 (6614): 1497. September 30, 2022. Bibcode:2022Sci...377.1497.. doi:10.1126/science.ade8448. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 36173834. Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  21. ^ Tipton-Martin, Toni (September 2014). "Breaking the Jemima Code: The Legacy of African American Cookbooks". Ecotone. 10 (1): 116–120. doi:10.1353/ect.2014.0042. ISSN 2165-2651.
  22. ^ Hunter, Tera W. (April 24, 2017). Bound in Wedlock. Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/9780674979208. ISBN 978-0-674-97920-8.
  23. ^ Akubue-Brice, Dorothy A. Smith; Dunaway, Wilma A.; Dunaway, Wilma A. (August 1, 2005). "The African-American Family in Slavery and Emancipation". The Journal of Southern History. 71 (3): 696. doi:10.2307/27648852. ISSN 0022-4642. JSTOR 27648852.
  24. ^ Sanders, Joshunda (May 31, 2018), "Coates, Ta-Nehisi", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.39161, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1, retrieved September 4, 2024
  25. ^ Manning, Patrick (September 18, 2023), "Education Across the African Diaspora, 1500–2020", Education Across the African Diaspora, London: Routledge, pp. 9–18, doi:10.4324/9781032616315-2, ISBN 978-1-032-61631-5, retrieved September 4, 2024
  26. ^ Griffin, Iverson; Gilroy, Paul (May 1995). "The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness". Contemporary Sociology. 24 (3): 399. doi:10.2307/2076536. ISSN 0094-3061. JSTOR 2076536. Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  27. ^ "How Did Europeans Influence The Development Of African American Culture". Archived from the original on July 29, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  28. ^ SERNETT, MILTON C., ed. (January 17, 2000). African American Religious History. Duke University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv11smnkh. ISBN 978-0-8223-9603-1. Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  29. ^ Morris, Aldon (July 13, 2021). "From Civil Rights to Black Lives Matter". Scientific American. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  30. ^ Gomez, Michael Angelo (1998). Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South. University of North Carolina Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-8078-6171-5.
  31. ^ "The Explosion of Culture and Arts During the Harlem Renaissance". TheCollector. October 7, 2022. Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
  32. ^ "Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II (review)". Alabama Review. 62 (3): 212–213. July 2009. doi:10.1353/ala.2009.0020. ISSN 2166-9961.
  33. ^ Du Bois, W. E. B. (May 28, 2009). Edwards, Brent Hayes (ed.). The Souls of Black Folk. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/owc/9780199555833.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-955583-3. Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.

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