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Afro-Brazilians

Afro-Brazilians
Afro-brasileiros
Proportion of Black Brazilians in each municipality as of the 2022 Brazilian census
Total population
Increase 20,656,458 (2022 census)[1]
Increase 10.17% of the Brazilian population
Regions with significant populations
   Entire country; highest percent found in the Northeast and Southeast regions
São Paulo (state) São Paulo3,546,562[1]
Bahia Bahia3,164,691[1]
Rio de Janeiro (state) Rio de Janeiro2,594,253[1]
Minas Gerais Minas Gerais2,432,877[1]
Pernambuco Pernambuco909,557[1]
Languages
Portuguese
Religion
Related ethnic groups
Other Afro-descendants in Latin America

Afro-Brazilians (Portuguese: afro-brasileiros; pronounced [ˈafɾo bɾaziˈle(j)ɾus]) are an ethno-racial group consisting of Brazilians with predominantly or total Sub-Saharan African ancestry, these stand out for having dark skin. Most multiracial Brazilians also have a range of degree of African ancestry. Brazilians whose African features are more evident are generally seen by others as Blacks and may identify themselves as such, while the ones with less noticeable African features may not be seen as such.[2][3] However, Brazilians rarely use the term "Afro-Brazilian" as a term of ethnic identity[2] and never in informal discourse.

Preto ("black") and pardo ("brown/mixed") are among five ethnic categories used by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), along with branco ("white"), amarelo ("yellow", ethnic East Asian), and indígena (indigenous). In the 2022 census, 20.7 million Brazilians (10,2% of the population) identified as preto, while 92.1 million (45,3% of the population) identified as pardo, together making up 55.5% of Brazil's population.[4] The term preto is usually used to refer to those with the darkest skin colour, so as a result of this many Brazilians of African descent identify themselves as pardos.[5] The Brazilian Black Movement considers pretos and pardos together as part of a single category: negros (Blacks). In 2010, this perspective gained official recognition when Brazilian Congress passed a law creating the Statute of Racial Equality. However, this definition is contested[6][7] since a portion of pardos are acculturated indigenous people or people with indigenous and European rather than African ancestry, especially in Northern Brazil.[8][9][10] A survey from the early 2000s revealed that if the pardo category were removed from the census, at least half of those identifying as pardo would instead choose to identify as black.[3]

During the slavery period between the 16th and 19th centuries, Brazil received approximately four to five million Africans, who constituted about 40% of all Africans brought to the Americas.[11] Many Africans who escaped slavery fled to quilombos, communities where they could live freely and resist oppression. In 1850, Brazil determined the definitive prohibition of the transatlantic slave trade and in 1888 the country abolished slavery, making it the last one in the Americas to do so. With the largest Afro-descendant population outside of Africa, Brazil's cultural, social, and economic landscape has been profoundly shaped by Afro-Brazilians. Their contributions are especially notable in sports, cuisine, literature, music, and dance, with elements like samba and capoeira reflecting their heritage. In contemporary times, Afro-Brazilians still face socioeconomic disparities and racial discrimination and continue the fight for racial equality and social justice.

Afro-Brazilian topics
Afro-Brazilian history
Religion
Culture and music
  1. ^ a b c d e f "Panorama do Censo 2022". Panorama do Censo 2022 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Características Étnico-raciais da População:Classificações e identidades" (PDF) (in Portuguese). IBGE. 2010. p. 58. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2014. (Trans.) Since 1945, a Brazilian Black movement has resulted in more people using the term (and concept) of Afro-Brazilian. But, this term was coined by and remains associated with the United States and its culture, derived from a culturalist viewpoint.
  3. ^ a b Loveman, Mara; Muniz, Jeronimo O.; Bailey, Stanley R. (2011). "Brazil in black and white? Race categories, the census, and the study of inequality" (PDF). Ethnic and Racial Studies. 35 (8): 1466–1483. doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.607503. S2CID 32438550. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014.
  4. ^ "Censo 2022: Pela 1ª vez, Brasil se declara mais pardo que branco; populações preta e indígena também crescem". 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  5. ^ "Brazil - Migration, Urbanization, Population | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 11 August 2024. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  6. ^ "Pardos: os dilemas dos brasileiros que formam maior grupo étnico-racial segundo Censo 2022" (in Brazilian Portuguese). BBC News Brasil. 22 December 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  7. ^ "PERGUNTAS FREQUENTES". unilab.edu.br. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  8. ^ Souza, Etelvina (26 August 2023). "Dilemas de brasileiros pardos-mestiços que vivem em 'limbo racial'". Portal Em Tempo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  9. ^ "Em Debate". Geledes.org.br. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  10. ^ Pena, Sérgio Danilo (11 September 2009). "Do pensamento racial ao pensamento racional" [From racial thought to rational thought] (PDF) (in Portuguese). laboratoriogene.com.br. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  11. ^ "Entrevista com Laurentino Gomes: um mergulho na origem da exclusão social" (in Portuguese). Folha de Pernambuco. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2019.

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