Back Ahmadiyya ALS الجماعة الأحمدية Arabic احمديه ARZ Əhmədiyyə Azerbaijani Әхмәдилек Bashkir আহ্মদীয়া Bengali/Bangla Ahmedije BS Ahmadia Catalan ئەحمەدی CKB Ahmadíja Czech
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Ahmadiyya,[a] officially the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at (AMJ)[4][b] is an Islamic messianic[5][6] movement originating in British India in the late 19th century.[7][8][9] It was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908), who said he had been divinely appointed as both the Promised Mahdi (Guided One) and Messiah expected by Muslims to appear towards the end times and bring about, by peaceful means, the final triumph of Islam;[10] as well as to embody, in this capacity, the expected eschatological figure of other major religious traditions.[11] Adherents of the Ahmadiyya—a term adopted expressly in reference to Muhammad's alternative name Ahmad[12][13][14][15]—are known as Ahmadi Muslims or simply Ahmadis.
| Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at | |
|---|---|
 The White Minaret and the Ahmadiyya flag in Qadian, India. For Ahmadi Muslims, the two symbolize the advent of the Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. | |
| Type | Sect of Islam |
| Scripture | Quran, various books of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad |
| Caliph | Mirza Masroor Ahmad |
| Founder | Mirza Ghulam Ahmad |
| Origin | 19th century British India |
| Separated from | Sunni Islam |
| Number of followers | 10–20 million |
Ahmadi thought emphasizes the belief that Islam is the final dispensation for humanity as revealed to Muhammad and the necessity of restoring it to its true intent and pristine form, which had been lost through the centuries.[7] Its adherents consider Ahmad to have appeared as the Mahdi—bearing the qualities of Jesus in accordance with their reading of scriptural prophecies—to revitalize Islam and set in motion its moral system that would bring about lasting peace.[16] They believe that upon divine guidance he purged Islam of foreign accretions in belief and practice by championing what is, in their view, Islam's original precepts as practised by Muhammad and the early Muslim community.[17][18] Ahmadis thus view themselves as leading the propagation and renaissance of Islam.[19]
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad established the Community (or Jamāʿat) on 23 March 1889 by formally accepting allegiance from his supporters. Since his death, the Community has been led by a succession of Caliphs. By 2017 it had spread to 210 countries and territories of the world with concentrations in South Asia, West Africa, East Africa, and Indonesia. The Ahmadis have a strong missionary tradition, having formed the first Muslim missionary organization to arrive in Britain and other Western countries.[20] Currently, the community is led by its caliph, Mirza Masroor Ahmad, and is estimated to number between 10 and 20 million worldwide.[21][22][23]
The movement is almost entirely a single, highly organized group. However, in the early history of the community, some Ahmadis dissented over the nature of Ahmad's prophetic status and succession. They formed the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, which has since dwindled to a small fraction of all Ahmadis. Ahmadiyya's recognition of Ahmad as a prophet has been characterized as heretical by mainstream Muslims, who believe that Muhammad was the final prophet, and the Ahmadi movement has faced non-recognition and persecution in many parts of the world.[24][23][25][26] Some Sunni Muslims pejoratively use the term Qādiyānī to refer to the movement.[27]
- ^ "Ahmadiyya". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ "Ahmadiyya". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020.
- ^ "Ahmadiyyah". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
- ^ Knipp, Kersten (7 July 2019). "Who are the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat?". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
- ^ Friedmann, Yohanan (2011). "The Ahmadiyyah Movement". Oxford Bibliographies. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
- ^ Özaykal, K. A. (2016). "Messianic Legitimacy: the case of Ahmadiyya and Mahdiyya Movements". Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Theology (35): 217–256. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
- ^ a b Valentine, Simon (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: History, belief, practice. Columbia University Press. p. xv. ISBN 978-0-231-70094-8.
- ^ *Morgan, Diane (2009). Essential Islam: A comprehensive guide to belief and practice. Greenwood Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-313-36025-1.
- "Founding of Ahmadiyya Jamaat". Archived from the original on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
- ^ Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A., eds. (2012). "Ahmadiya". Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Preckel, Claudia (2013). "Screening Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān's Library: The use of Ḥanbalī literature in 19th century Bhopal". In Krawietz, B.; Tamer, G. (eds.). Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya. Berlin, DE: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 174, 208. ISBN 9783110285345.
- Lathan, Andrea (2008). "The relativity of categorizing in the context of the Aḥmadiyya". Die Welt des Islams. 48 (3/4): 376. doi:10.1163/157006008X364749. JSTOR 27798273.
- Gualtieri, Antonio R. (1989). Conscience and Coercion: Ahmadi Muslims and Orthodoxy in Pakistan. Guernica Editions. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-920717-41-7.
- Rafiq, B.A. (1978). Truth about Ahmadiyyat, Reflection of all the Prophets. London Mosque. ISBN 0-85525-013-5. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
- ^ Khan, Adil Hussain (2015). From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim minority movement in south Asia. Indiana University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0253015297.
- ^ Kotin, I.Y. (2012). "Ahmaddiya". In M., Juergensmeyer; Roof, W.C. (eds.). Archived copy. Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE Publications. p. 22. doi:10.4135/9781412997898. ISBN 9780761927297. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Rink, Steffen (1997). Religionen feiern: Feste und Feiertage religiöser Gemeinschaften in Deutschland. Diagonal-Verlag. p. 137. ISBN 9783927165342.
- ^ Awan, Samina (2009). "Redefinition of identities, subalterns and political Islam: A case of Majlis i Ahrar in Punjab". Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan. 46 (2): 188–189. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
- ^ Khan, Murtaza (1945). The Name Ahmadiyya and Its Necessity (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2009.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Gualtieri, Antonio R. (1989). Conscience and Coercion: Ahmadi Muslims and Orthodoxy in Pakistan. Guernica Editions. pp. 18–20. ISBN 978-0-920717-41-7.
- Friedmann, Yohanan (2003). Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background. Oxford University Press. pp. 116–17, 121. ISBN 965-264-014-X.
- Khan, Adil Hussain (2015). From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim minority movement in south Asia. Indiana University Press. pp. 2, 42–48. ISBN 978-0253015297.
- ^ Gualtieri, Antonio R. (1989). Conscience and Coercion: Ahmadi Muslims and orthodoxy in Pakistan. Guernica Editions. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-920717-41-7.
- ^ "An Overview". Alislam.org. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Valentine, Simon (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: History, belief, practice. Columbia University Press. pp. xv passim. ISBN 978-0-231-70094-8.
- Louis J., Hammann (1985). "Ahmaddiyyat - an introduction". Ahmadiyya Muslim Community [online]. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Geaves, Ron (2017). Islam and Britain: Muslim Mission in an Age of Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-4742-7173-8. "They were the first Muslim organization to send missionaries to the West ..."
- Gilham, Jamie (2014). Loyal Enemies: British converts to Islam, 1850–1950. C. Hurst & Co. pp. 123–213. ISBN 978-1-84904-275-8.
- Ryad, Umar (2015). "Salafiyya, Ahmadiyya, and European converts to Islam in the interwar period". In Agai, B.; et al. (eds.). Muslims in Interwar Europe: A transcultural historical perspective. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 47–87. doi:10.1163/9789004301979_004. ISBN 978-90-04-30197-9. S2CID 159980688. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
In the interwar period the Ahmadiyya occupied a pioneering place as a Muslim missionary movement in Europe; they established mosques, printed missionary publications in a variety of European languages, and attracted many European converts to Islam.: 47
- Jonker, Gerdien (2015). The Ahmadiyya Quest for Religious Progress: Missionizing Europe 1900–1965. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-30529-8.
- Kraemer, Hendrik (1960). World Cultures and World Religions: The coming dialogue. James Clarke & Co. p. 267. ISBN 9780227170953.
The spirit of their tenets and the militant vigour of their founder have made the Ahmadiyya naturally a group with strong missionary and reforming zeal, both inside the lands of Islam where they are represented and outside. They constitute almost exclusively the "Muslim Missions" in Western countries and elsewhere ... They devote themselves with sincere enthusiasm to the task of proclaiming Islam to the world in a rationalist, often combative way, and try in Muslim lands to purify and reform the dominant type of popular Islam.
- ^ "Major Branches of Religions". Adherents.com. 28 October 2005. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Multiple sources:
- Breach of Faith. Human Rights Watch. June 2005. p. 8. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
Estimates of around 20 million would be appropriate
- DeVries, Larry; Baker, Don; Overmyer, Dan (January 2011). Asian Religions in British Columbia. University of Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1662-5.
The community currently numbers around 15 million spread around the world
- Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1.
The total size of the Ahmadiyya community in 2001 was estimated to be more than 10 million
- "Ahmadiyya Muslims". PBS. 20 January 2012. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
- "Ahmadiyya Muslim Community: An overview". Al Islam. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
- Breach of Faith. Human Rights Watch. June 2005. p. 8. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
- ^ a b Lawton, Kim (20 January 2012). "Ahmadiyya Muslims". PBS. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
- ^ Lago, Colin, ed. (2011). The Handbook of Transcultural Counselling and Psychotherapy. UK: McGraw-Hill Education (published 1 October 2011). p. 312. ISBN 9780335238514.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
persecutionwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cloudhury, Barnie (26 July 2003). "Islamic sect gathers in Surrey". BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
- ^ Gualtieri, Antonio R. (1989). Conscience and Coercion: Ahmadis and Orthodoxy in Pakistan. Guernica Editions. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-920717-41-7.
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