Albatross

Albatross
Temporal range:
Short-tailed albatross (Phoebastria albatrus)

Captured at Midway Atoll

Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Procellariiformes
Family: Diomedeidae
G.R. Gray 1840[1]
Genera

Diomedea
Thalassarche
Phoebastria
Phoebetria
Tydea
Plotornis
Diomedavus
Aldiomedes

Global range density (in red)[image reference needed]

Albatrosses, of the biological family Diomedeidae, are large seabirds related to the procellariids, storm petrels, and diving petrels in the order Procellariiformes (the tubenoses). They range widely in the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific. They are absent from the North Atlantic, although fossil remains of short-tailed albatross show they once lived there up to the Pleistocene,[2] and occasional vagrants are found. Great albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, with wingspans reaching up to 2.5–3.5 metres (8.2–11.5 ft) and bodies over 1 metre (3.3 ft) in length.[3] The albatrosses are usually regarded as falling into four genera, but disagreement exists over the number of species.

Albatrosses are highly efficient in the air, using dynamic soaring and slope soaring to cover great distances with little exertion. They feed on squid, fish, and krill by either scavenging, surface seizing, or diving. Albatrosses are colonial, nesting for the most part on remote oceanic islands, often with several species nesting together. Pair bonds between males and females form over several years, with the use of "ritualised dances", and last for the life of the pair. A breeding season can take over a year from laying to fledging, with a single egg laid in each breeding attempt. A Laysan albatross, named Wisdom, on Midway Island is the oldest-known wild bird in the world; she was first banded in 1956 by Chandler Robbins.

Of the 22 species of albatrosses recognised by the IUCN, 21 are listed as at some level of concern; two species are Critically Endangered, seven species are Endangered, six species are Vulnerable, and six species are Near Threatened.[4] Numbers of albatrosses have declined in the past due to harvesting for feathers. Albatrosses are threatened by introduced species, such as rats and feral cats that attack eggs, chicks, and nesting adults; by pollution; by a serious decline in fish stocks in many regions largely due to overfishing; and by longline fishing. Longline fisheries pose the greatest threat, as feeding birds are attracted to the bait, become hooked on the lines, and drown. Identified stakeholders such as governments, conservation organisations, and people in the fishing industry are all working toward reducing this phenomenon.

  1. ^ Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification – Family Diomedeidae". Project: The Taxonomicon. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
  2. ^ Olson, S.L.; Hearty, P.J. (2003). "Probable extirpation of a breeding colony of Short-tailed Albatross (Phoebastria albatrus) on Bermuda by Pleistocene sea-level rise". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 100 (22): 12825–12829. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10012825O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1934576100. PMC 240703. PMID 14566060.
  3. ^ Onley, D.; Scofield, P. (2007). Field Guide to the Albatrosses, Petrels and Shearwaters of the World. Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd. p. 32. ISBN 978-0713643329.
  4. ^ "BirdLife Data Zone". datazone.birdlife.org. Retrieved 28 December 2022.

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