Albert Kesselring

Albert Kesselring
Kesselring wearing his Knight's Cross in 1940
Nickname(s)	Smiling Albert Uncle Albert
Born	(1885-11-30)30 November 1885 Marktsteft, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire
Died	16 July 1960(1960-07-16) (aged 74) Bad Nauheim, Hessen, West Germany
Allegiance	German Empire (1904–1918)  Weimar Republic (1918–1933)  Nazi Germany (1933–1945)
Service / branch	Bavarian Army (1904–1918)  Reichsheer (1918–1933)  Luftwaffe (1933–1945)
Years of service	1904–1945
Rank	Generalfeldmarschall
Commands	Luftflotte 1 Luftflotte 2 OB South Army Group C OB West
Battles / wars	World War I Western Front Eastern Front World War II Invasion of Poland (1939) Battle of France (1940) Battle of Britain (1940) Operation Barbarossa (1941) German-Soviet air war 22 June 1941 Operation Typhoon (1941) Siege of Malta (1940–1942) North African Campaign (1940–1943) Italian Campaign (1943–1945) Central Europe Campaign (1945)
Awards	Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds
War crimes
Conviction(s)	War crimes
Criminal penalty	Death; commuted to life imprisonment; further commuted 21 years' imprisonment

Albert Kesselring (30 November 1885 – 16 July 1960) was a German military officer and convicted war criminal who served in the Luftwaffe during World War II. In a career which spanned both world wars, Kesselring reached the rank of the Generalfeldmarschall (Field marshal) and became one of Nazi Germany's most highly decorated commanders.

Kesselring joined the Bavarian Army as an officer cadet in 1904, serving in the artillery branch. He completed training as a balloon observer in 1912. During World War I, he served on both the Western and Eastern fronts and was posted to the Army Staff, despite not having attended the War Academy. Kesselring served in the Reichswehr after the war, but was discharged in 1933 to become head of the Department of Administration at the Ministry of Aviation, where he became involved in the re-establishment of the German aviation industry and the laying of the foundations for the Luftwaffe, serving as its chief of staff from 1936 to 1938.

During World War II, he commanded Luftwaffe forces in the German invasions of Poland and France, the Battle of Britain and the invasion of the Soviet Union. As Wehrmacht Commander-in-Chief South, he was the overall German commander in the Mediterranean theatre, which included the North African campaign. Kesselring conducted a defensive campaign against Allied forces in Italy, being involved in ordering several massacres, until he was injured in an accident in October 1944. In his final campaign of the war, he commanded German forces on the Western Front. During the war, he won the respect of his Allied opponents for his military accomplishments.

After the war, Kesselring was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to death for ordering the murder of 335 Italian civilians in the Ardeatine massacre, and for inciting and ordering his troops to kill civilians as part of reprisals against the Italian resistance movement. The sentence was subsequently commuted to life imprisonment. A political and media campaign resulted in his release in 1952, ostensibly on health grounds. He published his memoirs, Soldat bis zum letzten Tag ("A Soldier to the Last Day"), in 1953. Kesselring accepted the honorary presidency of three veterans' organisations: the Luftwaffenring, consisting of Luftwaffe veterans; the Verband Deutsches Afrikakorps, the veterans' association of the Afrika Korps; and, most controversially, the right-wing Der Stahlhelm before dying in 1960.