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Amoebozoa

Amoebozoa
Temporal range:
Chaos carolinensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Amorphea
Phylum: Amoebozoa
Lühe, 1913[3] emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1998[4]
Classes and subclades[5][6]
Synonyms

Amoebozoa is a major taxonomic group containing about 2,400 described species of amoeboid protists,[8] often possessing blunt, fingerlike, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae.[7][9] In traditional classification schemes, Amoebozoa is usually ranked as a phylum within either the kingdom Protista[10] or the kingdom Protozoa.[11][12] In the classification favored by the International Society of Protistologists, it is retained as an unranked "supergroup" within Eukaryota.[7] Molecular genetic analysis supports Amoebozoa as a monophyletic clade. Modern studies of eukaryotic phylogenetic trees identify it as the sister group to Opisthokonta, another major clade which contains both fungi and animals as well as several other clades comprising some 300 species of unicellular eukaryotes.[8][9] Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta are sometimes grouped together in a high-level taxon, named Amorphea.[7] Amoebozoa includes many of the best-known amoeboid organisms, such as Chaos, Entamoeba, Pelomyxa and the genus Amoeba itself. Species of Amoebozoa may be either shelled (testate) or naked, and cells may possess flagella. Free-living species are common in both salt and freshwater as well as soil, moss and leaf litter. Some live as parasites or symbionts of other organisms, and some are known to cause disease in humans and other organisms.

While the majority of amoebozoan species are unicellular, the group also includes several clades of slime molds, which have a macroscopic, multicellular stage of life during which individual amoeboid cells remain together after multiple cell division to form a macroscopic plasmodium or, in cellular slime molds, aggregate to form one.

Amoebozoa vary greatly in size. Some are only 10–20 μm in diameter, while others are among the largest protozoa. The well-known species Amoeba proteus, which may reach 800 μm in length, is often studied in schools and laboratories as a representative cell or model organism, partly because of its convenient size. Multinucleate amoebae like Chaos and Pelomyxa may be several millimetres in length, and some multicellular amoebozoa, such as the "dog vomit" slime mold Fuligo septica, can cover an area of several square meters.[13]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Porter_2003 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Parfrey2011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Lühe, Max (1913). "Erstes Unterreich der Tiere. Einziger Kreis und Stamm: Protozoa. Urtiere. Einzellige" [First animal kingdom. Single circle and tribe: Protozoa. Primordial animals. Unicellular]. In Lang, Arnold (ed.). Handbuch der Morphologie der wirbellosen Tiere [Handbook of invertebrate morphology]. Vol. 1. Jena: G. Fischer. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.11910.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference 6kingdom was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Adl_2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference BetweenPod was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b c d Adl SM, Simpson AG, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Bass D, Bowser SS, et al. (September 2012). "The revised classification of eukaryotes". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–93. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. PMC 3483872. PMID 23020233.
  8. ^ a b Pawlowski J, Audic S, Adl S, Bass D, Belbahri L, Berney C, et al. (November 6, 2012). "CBOL protist working group: barcoding eukaryotic richness beyond the animal, plant, and fungal kingdoms". PLOS Biology. 10 (11): e1001419. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001419. PMC 3491025. PMID 23139639.
  9. ^ a b Cavalier-Smith T, Fiore-Donno AM, Chao E, Kudryavtsev A, Berney C, Snell EA, Lewis R (February 2015). "Multigene phylogeny resolves deep branching of Amoebozoa". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 83: 293–304. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.011. PMID 25150787.
  10. ^ Corliss JO (1984). "The Kingdom Protista and its 45 Phyla". BioSystems. 17 (2): 87–126. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(84)90003-0. PMID 6395918.
  11. ^ Cavalier-Smith T (2003). "Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa". European Journal of Protistology. 39 (4): 338–348. doi:10.1078/0932-4739-00002.
  12. ^ Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M. (2015-06-11). "Correction: A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms". PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0130114. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130114. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5159126. PMID 26068874.
  13. ^ Zhulidov DA, Robarts RD, Zhulidov AV, Zhulidova OV, Markelov DA, Rusanov VA, Headley JV (2002). "Zinc accumulation by the slime mold Fuligo septica (L.) Wiggers in the former Soviet Union and North Korea". Journal of Environmental Quality. 31 (3): 1038–42. doi:10.2134/jeq2002.1038. PMID 12026071.


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