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Amphicynodontidae

Amphicynodontidae
Temporal range: Late Eocene to Early Miocene
Artist's restoration of Kolponomos newportensis.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Clade: Pan-Pinnipedia
Family: †Amphicynodontidae
Simpson, 1945
Genera

Amphicynodontidae is a probable clade of extinct arctoids. While some researchers consider this group to be an extinct subfamily of bears,[1] a variety of morphological evidence links amphicynodontines with pinnipeds, as the group were semi-aquatic otter-like mammals.[2][3][4] In addition to the support of the pinniped–amphicynodontine clade, other morphological and some molecular analyses support bears being the closest living relatives to pinnipeds.[5][6][7][3][8][4] According to McKenna and Bell (1997) Amphicynodontinae are classified as stem-pinnipeds in the superfamily Phocoidea.[9] Fossils of these mammals have been found in Europe, North America and Asia.[4] Amphicynodontines should not be confused with Amphicyonids (bear-dogs), a separate family of Carnivora which is a sister clade to arctoids within the caniforms, but which may be listed as a clade of extinct arctoids in older publications.

  1. ^ McLellan, B.; Reiner, D.C. (1992). "A review of bear evolution" (PDF). International Association for Bear Research and Management. 9 (1): 85–96. doi:10.2307/3872687. JSTOR 3872687. S2CID 91124592. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2020.
  2. ^ Tedford, R. H.; Barnes, L. G.; Ray, C. E. (1994). "The early Miocene littoral ursoid carnivoran Kolponomos: Systematics and mode of life" (PDF). Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 29: 11–32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  3. ^ a b Rybczynski, N.; Dawson, M.R.; Tedford, R.H. (2009). "A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia". Nature. 458 (7241): 1021–24. Bibcode:2009Natur.458.1021R. doi:10.1038/nature07985. PMID 19396145. S2CID 4371413.
  4. ^ a b c Berta, A.; Morgan, C.; Boessenecker, R.W. (2018). "The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 46: 203–228. Bibcode:2018AREPS..46..203B. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009.
  5. ^ Hunt, R. M. Jr.; Barnes, L. G. (1994). "Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds" (PDF). Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 29: 57–67.
  6. ^ Lento, G. M.; Hickson, R. E.; Chambers, G. K.; Penny, D. (1995). "Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 12 (1): 28–52. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189. PMID 7877495.
  7. ^ Wang, X.; McKenna, M. C.; Dashzeveg, D. (2005). "Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, central Mongolia and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography". American Museum Novitates (3483): 216. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2005)483[0001:AAAACF]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5674.
  8. ^ Higdon, J. W.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R.; Beck, R. M.; Ferguson, S. H. (2007). "Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 216. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-216. PMC 2245807. PMID 17996107.
  9. ^ McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York.

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