Anaclasis /əˈnækləsɪs/[1][2] (from the Greek ἀνάκλασις "bending back, reflection") is a feature of poetic metre, in which a long and a short syllable (or long and anceps syllable) exchange places in a metrical pattern.
Ancient metricians used the term principally of the Greek galliambic rhythm | u u – u | – u – – |, which they believed was derived from a regular ionic dimeter | u u – – | u u – – | by a reversal of syllables 4 and 5, creating metra of unequal length | u u – u | and | – – u – |.
Although the original meaning of the term anaclasis referred to situations when the substitution of u – for – u occurred across the boundary between two metra, in modern times scholars have extended the term to any situation where the sequence x – (anceps + long) responds to – x (long + anceps) in a parallel part of a verse or poem.[3] Thus for example, Martin West applies the term to metres of the aeolic type, in which sometimes | – x – u | or | u – u – | are treated as interchangeable with | – u u – |.[4]
A similar phenomenon has also been observed in classical Persian poetry, for example in the metre of the ruba'i (quatrain), in which the iambic | u – u – | and choriambic | – u u – | rhythms can be used as alternatives in the same poem. Persian also exhibits a second form of anaclasis, in which the ionic dimeter | u u – – | u u – – | exists alongside | u – u – | u u – – |, with reversal of syllables 2 and 3.[5] The metrician Paul Kiparsky has argued that anaclasis (or "syncopation") is a common feature of Greek, Sanskrit, and Persian metres and believes that is inherited from Indo-European poetry.[6]
In English a feature similar to anaclasis can be found in inversion in the iambic pentameter, when stressed and unstressed elements are reversed, especially at the beginning of a line.
In optics, the word "anaclasis" refers to the bending of light as it passes from a less dense to a more dense medium. A ray of light entering a pool of water from an angle will be bent downwards.[2]
Connected with anaclasis is the adjective anaclastic, but this is a relatively modern formation, first recorded, in an optical sense, in the 18th century.[7]
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary.
- ^ a b Lewis, J. J. (1908/1913). Pocket Ophthalmic Dictionary, 4th ed.
- ^ Paul Maas (1962), Greek Metre, p. 25.
- ^ West, M. L. (1987): An Introduction of Greek Metre (Oxford), pp. 8, 33.
- ^ Hayes (1979).
- ^ Kiparsky (2018).
- ^ "Anaclastic" was first recorded in English, in the field of optics, in 1796. Its first use is attributed to the French astronomer Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan: Oxford English Dictionary.