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Anti-access/area denial (or A2/AD) is a military strategy to control access to and within an operating environment.^[2] In an early definition, anti-access refers to those actions and capabilities, usually long-range, designed to prevent an opposing force from entering an operational area. Area denial refers to those actions and capabilities, usually of shorter range, designed to limit an opposing force's freedom of action within the operational area.^[3]^[4] In short, A2 affects movement to a theater, while AD affects movement within a theater.^[5] A2/AD typically refers to a strategy used by a weaker opponent to defend against an opponent of superior skill,^[6] although a stronger opponent can also use A2/AD.

^ Giles, Keir; Boulegue, Mathieu (2019). "Russia's A2/AD Capabilities: Real and Imagined". The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters. 49 (1): 21–36. doi:10.55540/0031-1723.2860. S2CID 232333797.
^ Russell, Alison Lawlor (2017). "Historical Perspective of A2/AD Strategy". Strategic A2/AD in Cyberspace: 11–25. doi:10.1017/9781316817001.002. ISBN 9781316817001.
^ Krepinevich, Andrew; Watts, Barry; Work, Robert (2003). Meeting the anti-access and area denial challenge (PDF). Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments Washington, DC.
^ Joint Operational Access Concept (JOAC) (PDF). Department of Defense. 17 January 2012.
^ Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2012 and the Future Years Defense Program. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. 17 February 2011. p. 522.
^ Tangredi, Sam (2013). Anti-access warfare: countering anti-access and area-denial strategies. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-61251-187-0.