Aral Sea

Aral Sea
Karakalpak: Арал теңизи, Aral teńizi Kazakh: Арал теңізі, Aral teñizi Russian: Аральское море, Aralskoye more Uzbek: Орол денгизи, Orol dengizi
The Aral Sea in 1989 (left) and 2014 (right)
Aral Sea
Location	Central Asia (Kazakhstan – Uzbekistan)
Coordinates	45°N 60°E / 45°N 60°E / 45; 60
Type	Endorheic, natural lake, reservoir (North)
Primary inflows	North: Syr Darya South: Groundwater only Previously: Amu Darya
Catchment area	1,549,000 km2 (598,100 sq mi)
Basin countries	List[1] Afghanistan Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
Surface area	68,000 km2 (26,300 sq mi) (1960, one lake) 28,687 km2 (11,076 sq mi) (1998, two lakes) 17,160 km2 (6,626 sq mi) (2004, four lakes) North: 3,300 km2 (1,270 sq mi) (2008) South: 3,500 km2 (1,350 sq mi) (2005)
Average depth	North: 8.7 m (29 ft) (2014)[citation needed] South: 14–15 m (46–49 ft) (2005)
Max. depth	North: 42 m (138 ft) (2008)[2] 30 m (98 ft) (2003) South: 37–40 m (121–131 ft) (2005) 102 m (335 ft) (1989)
Water volume	North: 21.4 km3 (5 cu mi) (2024)[3]
Surface elevation	North: 42 m (138 ft) (2011) South: 29 m (95 ft) (2007) 53.4 m (175 ft) (1960)[4]

The Aral Sea (/ˈærəl/)^[5][a] was an endorheic lake (that is, without an outlet) lying between Kazakhstan to its north and Uzbekistan to its south, which began shrinking in the 1960s and had largely dried up by the 2010s. It was in the Aktobe and Kyzylorda regions of Kazakhstan and the Karakalpakstan autonomous region of Uzbekistan. The name roughly translates from Mongolic and Turkic languages to "Sea of Islands", a reference to the large number of islands (over 1,100) that once dotted its waters. The Aral Sea drainage basin encompasses Uzbekistan and parts of Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan.^[1]

Formerly the fourth-largest lake in the world with an area of 68,000 km² (26,300 sq mi), the Aral Sea began shrinking in the 1960s after the rivers that fed it were diverted by Soviet irrigation projects. By 2007, it had declined to 10% of its original size, splitting into four lakes: the North Aral Sea, the eastern and western basins of the once far larger South Aral Sea, and the smaller intermediate Barsakelmes Lake.^[6] By 2009, the southeastern lake had disappeared and the southwestern lake had retreated to a thin strip at the western edge of the former southern sea. In subsequent years occasional water flows have led to the southeastern lake sometimes being replenished to a small degree.^[7] Satellite images by NASA in August 2014 revealed that for the first time in modern history the eastern basin of the Aral Sea had completely dried up.^[8][9] The eastern basin is now called the Aralkum Desert.

In a Kazakhstani effort to save and replenish the North Aral Sea, the Dike Kokaral dam was completed in 2005. By 2008, the water level had risen 12 m (39 ft) above that of 2003,^[2] to 42 m (138 ft).^[10] As of 2013^[update], salinity dropped, and fish were again present in sufficient numbers for some fishing to be viable.^[11]

After the visit to Muynak in 2011, former United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon called the shrinking of the Aral Sea "one of the planet's worst environmental disasters".^[12] The region's once-prosperous fishing industry has been devastated, bringing unemployment and economic hardship. The water from the diverted Syr Darya river is used to irrigate about two million hectares (5,000,000 acres) of farmland in the Ferghana Valley.^[13] The Aral Sea region is heavily polluted, with consequent serious public health problems. UNESCO has added historical documents concerning the Aral Sea to its Memory of the World Register as a resource to study the environmental tragedy.

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