Back Erməni hipotezi Azerbaijani Армянская гіпотэза Byelorussian Арменска хипотеза Bulgarian Armena hipotezo Esperanto فرضیه ارمنستان Persian Hypothèse arménienne French Հայկական վարկած Armenian Ipotesi armena Italian Армянская гипотеза Russian Armenian hypothesis SIMPLE
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The Armenian hypothesis, also known as the Near Eastern model,[1] is a theory of the Proto-Indo-European homeland, initially proposed by linguists Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Ivanov in the early 1980s, which suggests that the Proto-Indo-European language was spoken during the 5th–4th millennia BC in "eastern Anatolia, the southern Caucasus, and northern Mesopotamia".[2]
Recent ancient DNA research has led to renewed suggestions of a Caucasian homeland for a 'pre-proto-Indo-European'.[3][4][5][6][7][8] Particularly, an admixture between the Khvalynsk and Caucasian Copper Age burials gave rise to the ancestry that later became known as a typical marker (WSH – Western Steppe Herders) of the Yamnaya pastoralists.[9] It also lends support to the Indo-Hittite hypothesis, according to which both proto-Anatolian and proto-Indo-European split off from a common mother language "no later than the 4th millennium BCE."[10] These suggestions have been disputed in other recent research, which still locates the origin of the ancestor of proto-Indo-European in the Eastern European/Eurasian steppe[11][12][13] or from a hybridization of both steppe and Northwest-Caucasian languages.[13][note 1] The origin of the Anatolian languages according to the Near Eastern model has also been challenged because "[a]mong comparative linguists, a Balkan route for the introduction of Anatolian IE is generally considered more likely than a passage through the Caucasus, due, for example, to greater Anatolian IE presence and language diversity in the west."[5]
- ^ Mallory 2013.
- ^ Gamkrelidze & Ivanov 1995, p. 791.
- ^ Haak 2015.
- ^ Reich 2018, p. 177.
- ^ a b Damgaard 2018.
- ^ Wang 2018.
- ^ Grolle 2018, p. 108.
- ^ A Short History of Humanity A New History of Old Europe, By Johannes Krause, Thomas Trappe · 2021
- ^ The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia, 2018, Science 29 June 2018, Vol. 360, Issue 6396, eaar7711, DOI: 10.1126/science.aar7711
- ^ Kroonen, Barjamovic & Peyrot 2018, p. 9.
- ^ Anthony 2019.
- ^ Anthony 2020.
- ^ a b Bomhard 2019.
- ^ Vybornov 2016, p. 164.
- ^ Ancient DNA Era (11 January 2019), How did CHG get into Steppe_EMBA ? Part 2 : The Pottery Neolithic
- ^ Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 326.
- ^ Nichols 1997.
- ^ Nichols 1999.
- ^ a b Kozintsev 2019, p. 337.
- ^ a b Kozintsev 2019.
- ^ a b Bernard Sergent (1995), Les Indo-Européens – Histoire, langues, mythes
- ^ See Dzhebel, and V. A. Ranov and R. S. Davis (1979),Toward a New Outline of the Soviet Central Asian Paleolithic
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