Aspasia (Ancient Greek: Ἀσπασία) of Phocaea, daughter of Hermotimus, was carried away from her country to be in the harem of the Achaemenid prince Cyrus the Younger, who so admired her beauty and her superior qualities of mind and character that he made her his favorite wife, nicknaming her "the wise one" (sophe). She may or may not have been a hetaira.[1][2]
Her name is said to have originally been "Milto," until Cyrus called her "Aspasia" after the renowned and wise mistress of Pericles; but "Milto" itself seems to have been a name expressive of the beauty of her complexion.[3][4][5]
She is said to have frequently aided him with her advice, the adoption of which he never regretted; and they lived together with great mutual affection until the death of Cyrus at the Battle of Cunaxa. She then fell into the hands of his rival and brother Artaxerxes II, and became his wife.[6][7][8]
Contemporary accounts by the writer Xenophon, who claimed to personally witness the scene, indicated that Aspasia was so renowned that Artaxerxes wanted her treated as valued and not as a slave. When his officers brought Aspasia to him in chains, he threw the officers in prison and bestowed valuable gifts on Aspasia. She was given an honored place among Artaxerxes's several wives and hundreds of concubines.[9] There is even an anecdote in which, after the death of Tiridates, Artaxerxes's favorite eunuch, whom Artaxerxes grieved intensely, Aspasia soothed the king by consoling him while cross-dressing in Tiridates's clothing.[10]
When Darius, eldest son of Artaxerxes, was appointed successor to the throne, he asked his father to surrender Aspasia to him. The request, it seems, could not be refused, as coming from the king elect. Artaxerxes, therefore, gave her up, on finding that she herself consented to the transfer; but he soon took her away again, and made her priestess of Anahita at a temple at Ecbatana, where strict celibacy was required. This, the historian Plutarch asserts, was done in order to prevent his son from coupling with his favored wife.[11] This slight gave rise to a conspiracy of Darius against his father, whom he plotted to murder, a conspiracy which cost Darius his life once it was discovered.[12][13][14][15]
- ^ Kapparis, Konstantinos (2017). Prostitution in the Ancient Greek World. De Gruyter. pp. 393–394. ISBN 9783110557954.
- ^ Potts, Daniel T. (2023). "The Persian Empire under the Achaemenid Dynasty, from Darius I to Darius III". In Potts, Daniel T.; Radner, Karen; Moeller, Nadine (eds.). The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. p. 486. ISBN 9780190687663.
- ^ Plutarch, Parallel Lives, "Pericles" 24
- ^ Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 13.576d
- ^ Claudius Aelianus, Varia Historia xii. l
- ^ Plutarch, Parallel Lives, "Pericles" 24, "Artaxerxes" 26
- ^ Claudius Aelianus, Varia Historia xii. l
- ^ Xenophon, Anabasis 1.10.2
- ^ Romm, James (2022). The Sacred Band: Three Hundred Theban Lovers and the Last Days of Greek Freedom. Scribner. pp. 164–167. ISBN 9781501198021.
- ^ Stoneman, Richard (2015). Xerxes: A Persian Life. Yale University Press. p. 183. ISBN 9780300216042.
- ^ Munn, Mark H. (2006). The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion. University of California Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 9780520243491.
- ^ Plutarch, Parallel Lives, "Pericles" 24, "Artaxerxes" 27-27
- ^ Just. 10.2
- ^ Licht, Hans (2013). Sexual Life In Ancient Greece. Taylor & Francis. p. 316. ISBN 9781136182266.
- ^ Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2002). "Eunuchs and the royal harem in Achaemenid Persia (559-331 BC)". In Tougher, Shaun (ed.). Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond. Classical Press of Wales. p. 35. ISBN 9781914535062.