Barbary Wars

Barbary Wars
USS Philadelphia burning at the Battle of Tripoli Harbor during the First Barbary War in 1804
Date May 10, 1801 – June 10, 1805 & June 17–19, 1815 Location Barbary Coast
Belligerents
United States Sweden (1800–1802) Sicily[1] (1801–1805)	Algiers Tripolitania Morocco[2] (1802–1804)
Commanders and leaders
Thomas Jefferson James Madison Richard Dale Richard Morris William Eaton Edward Preble William Shaler Stephen Decatur Jr. Gustav IV Adolf Rudolf Cederström	Yusuf Karamanli Rais Mahomet Rous Hassan Bey Shadi Nazmi Reis Slimane of Morocco Omar Agha Raïs Hamidou †

The Barbary Wars were a series of two wars fought by the United States, Sweden, and the Kingdom of Sicily against the Barbary states (including Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli) and Morocco of North Africa in the early 19th century. Sweden had been at war with the Tripolitans since 1800 and was joined by the newly independent US.^{[3][unreliable source?]} The First Barbary War extended from 10 May 1801 to 10 June 1805, with the Second Barbary War lasting only three days, ending on 19 June 1815. The Barbary Wars were the first major American war fought entirely outside the New World, and in the Arab World.^[4][5]

The wars were largely a reaction to piracy by the Barbary states. Since the 16th century, North African pirates had captured ships and even raided European coastal areas across the Mediterranean Sea. Originally starting out with the goal of capturing individuals for the domestic North African slave trade, the focus later shifted to kidnapping for ransom. By the 19th century, pirate activity had declined, but Barbary pirates continued to demand tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean. Refusal to pay would result in the capture of American ships and goods, and often the enslavement or ransoming of crew members.

After Thomas Jefferson became president of the US in March 1801, he sent a U.S. Navy fleet to the Mediterranean to combat the Barbary pirates. The fleet bombarded numerous fortified cities in present-day Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria, ultimately extracting concessions of safe conduct from the Barbary states and ending the first war.

During the War of 1812, with the encouragement of the United Kingdom,^[6] the Barbary corsairs resumed their attacks on American vessels. Following the conclusion of the War of 1812 and America's peace with Britain, James Madison, Jefferson's successor, directed military forces against the Barbary states in the Second Barbary War. Lasting only three days, the second conflict ended the need for further tribute from the United States, granted the U.S. full shipping rights in the Mediterranean Sea, and significantly reduced incidents of piracy in the region.^[7]