Back Slag van Tannenberg Afrikaans Batalla de Grunwald AN Campwīg be Tannebeorge ANG معركة جرونفالد Arabic Batalla de Grunwald AST Qrünvald döyüşü Azerbaijani قرونوالد دؤیوشو AZB Žalgėrė kuova BAT-SMG Грунвальдская бітва Byelorussian Грунвальдзкая бітва BE-X-OLD
| Battle of Grunwald | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War | |||||||||
 Battle of Grunwald by Jan Matejko (1878) | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
|
Vassals, allies and mercenaries: |
 Teutonic OrderVassals, allies and mercenaries:
| ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 16,000–39,000 men[7] | 11,000–27,000 men[7] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown; see Casualties and captives |
203–211 out of 270 brothers killed[8] See Casualties and captives | ||||||||
  Battle site on a map of modern Poland | |||||||||
The Battle of Grunwald, Battle of Žalgiris, or First Battle of Tannenberg, was fought on 15 July 1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. The alliance of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila), and Grand Duke Vytautas, decisively defeated the German Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen. Most of the Teutonic Order's leadership was killed or taken prisoner.
Although defeated, the Teutonic Order withstood the subsequent siege of the Malbork Castle and suffered minimal territorial losses at the Peace of Thorn (1411), with other territorial disputes continuing until the Treaty of Melno in 1422. The order, however, never recovered their former power, and the financial burden of war reparations caused internal conflicts and an economic downturn in the lands controlled by them. The battle shifted the balance of power in Central and Eastern Europe and marked the rise of the Polish–Lithuanian union as the dominant regional political and military force.[9]
The battle was one of the largest in medieval Europe.[10] The battle is viewed as one of the most important victories in the histories of Poland and Lithuania. It is also commemorated in Ukraine and Belarus. For centuries, it has been re-interpreted in that part of Europe as an inspiration of romanticism (to advance legends or mythology) and national pride, becoming a larger symbol of struggle against foreign invaders.[11] During the 20th century, the battle was used in Nazi German and Soviet propaganda campaigns before and during World War II. Only in postwar decades have historians moved towards a dispassionate, scholarly assessment of the battle, reconciling the previous narratives, which differed widely by nation.[12]
- ^ Jučas 2009, p. 75.
- ^ Urban 2003, p. 138.
- ^ a b c d e Turnbull 2003, p. 26.
- ^ Turnbull 2003, p. 28.
- ^ Davies 2005, p. 98.
- ^ Gumilev 2024, p. 292.
- ^ a b Jučas 2009, pp. 57–58.
- ^ Frost 2015, pp. 106–107.
- ^ Ekdahl 2008, p. 175.
- ^ Turnbull 2003, p. 92.
- ^ Johnson 1996, p. 43.
- ^ Johnson 1996, p. 44.