Boris Yeltsin

Boris Yeltsin
Boris Yeltsin
Борис Ельцин
	Official portrait, c. 1991–1993
President of Russia
	In office; 25 December 1991 – 31 December 1999
Prime Minister	Himself (de facto); Yegor Gaidar (acting); Viktor Chernomyrdin; Sergey Kiriyenko; Yevgeny Primakov; Sergei Stepashin; Vladimir Putin;
Vice President	Alexander Rutskoy (1991–1993)
Preceded by	Office established; Himself (as President of the Russian SFSR); Alexander Rutskoy (acting, disputed);
Succeeded by	Alexander Rutskoy (acting, disputed); Vladimir Putin;
President of the Russian SFSR
	In office; 10 July 1991 – 25 December 1991
President	Mikhail Gorbachev
Prime Minister	Ivan Silayev; Oleg Lobov (acting); Himself (de facto);
Preceded by	Himself (as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR)
Succeeded by	Himself (as President of Russia)
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR
	In office; 29 May 1990 – 10 July 1991
Preceded by	Vitaly Vorotnikov (as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR)
Succeeded by	Ruslan Khasbulatov
First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party
	In office; 23 December 1985 – 11 November 1987
Preceded by	Viktor Grishin
Succeeded by	Lev Zaykov
Personal details
Born	1 February 1931; Butka, Ural Oblast, Soviet Union
Died	23 April 2007 (aged 76); Moscow, Russia
Resting place	Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow
Political party	Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1961–1990); Independent (after 1990);
Spouse	Naina Girina (m. 1956)
Children	2, including Tatyana Yumasheva
Alma mater	Ural State Technical University
Signature
	Boris Yeltsin's voice Yeltsin's 1999 New Year's address and resignation speech; Recorded 31 December 1999
	Central institution membership 1986–1988: Candidate member, 26th, 27th Politburo ; 1985–1986: Member, 26th Secretariat ; 1981–1990: Full member, 26th, 27th Central Committee ; Other offices held 1992: Minister, Defence ; 1976–1985: First Secretary, Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ;

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin^[a]^[b] (1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician and statesman who served as the president of Russia from 1991 to 1999. He was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1961 to 1990. He later stood as a political independent, during which time he was viewed as being ideologically aligned with liberalism.

Yeltsin was born in Butka, Ural Oblast. He would grow up in Kazan and Berezniki. He worked in construction after studying at the Ural State Technical University. After joining the Communist Party, he rose through its ranks, and in 1976, he became First Secretary of the party's Sverdlovsk Oblast committee. Yeltsin was initially a supporter of the perestroika reforms of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. He later criticized the reforms as being too moderate and called for a transition to a multi-party representative democracy. In 1987, he was the first person to resign from the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which established his popularity as an anti-establishment figure. In 1990, he was elected chair of the Russian Supreme Soviet and in 1991 was elected president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), becoming the first popularly-elected head of state in Russian history. Yeltsin allied with various non-Russian nationalist leaders and was instrumental in the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union in December of that year. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the RSFSR became the Russian Federation, an independent state. Through that transition, Yeltsin remained in office as president. He was later reelected in the 1996 election, which critics claimed to be pervasively corrupt.

He oversaw the transmission of Russia's command economy into a capitalist market economy by implementing economic shock therapy, market exchange rate of the ruble, nationwide privatization, and lifting of price controls. Economic downturn, volatility, and inflation ensued. Amid the economic shift, a small number of oligarchs obtained most of the national property and wealth, while international monopolies dominated the market. A constitutional crisis emerged in 1993 after Yeltsin ordered the unconstitutional dissolution of the Russian parliament, leading parliament to impeach him. The crisis ended after troops loyal to Yeltsin stormed the parliament building and stopped an armed uprising; he then introduced a new constitution which significantly expanded the powers of the president. After the crisis, Yeltsin governed the country in a rule by decree until 1994, as the Supreme Soviet of Russia was absent. Secessionist sentiment in the Russian Caucasus led to the First Chechen War, War of Dagestan, and Second Chechen War between 1994 and 1999. Internationally, Yeltsin promoted renewed collaboration with Europe and signed arms control agreements with the United States. Amid growing internal pressure, he resigned by the end of 1999 and was succeeded as president by his chosen successor, Vladimir Putin, whom he had appointed prime minister a few months earlier. After leaving office, he kept a low profile and was accorded a state funeral upon his death in 2007.

Domestically, he was highly popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s, although his reputation was damaged by the economic and political crises of his presidency, and he left office widely unpopular with the Russian population. He received praise and criticism for his role in dismantling the Soviet Union, transforming Russia into a representative democracy, and introducing new political, economic, and cultural freedoms to the country. Conversely, he was accused of economic mismanagement, abuse of presidential power, autocratic behavior, corruption, and of undermining Russia's standing as a major world power.
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