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Brothers of Italy

For the Italian national anthem, see Il Canto degli Italiani.
"FdI" redirects here. For other uses, see FDI.

Brothers of Italy
Fratelli d'Italia
AbbreviationFdI
PresidentGiorgia Meloni
Organisational SecretaryGiovanni Donzelli
Founders
Founded21 December 2012 (2012-12-21)
Split fromThe People of Freedom
Preceded byNational Alliance[a]
HeadquartersVia della Scrofa 39, Rome
NewspaperLa Voce del Patriota
Student wingStudent Action
University Action
Youth wingNational Youth
Membership (2021)130,000[1]
IdeologyNational conservatism
Right-wing populism
Post-fascism[A]
Political positionRight-wing to far-right
National affiliationCentre-right coalition
European affiliationEuropean Conservatives and Reformists Party
European Parliament groupEuropean Conservatives and Reformists Group
(since 2019)
EPP Group (until 2014)
International affiliationInternational Democracy Union
Colours  Blue
Chamber of Deputies
117 / 400
Senate[b]
66 / 200
European Parliament
24 / 76
Regional Councils
149 / 896
Conference of Regions
3 / 21
Website
fratelli-italia.it
^ A: Some sources consider FdI neo-fascist,[2][page needed][3][4][5][6] and some other sources consider it to be post-fascist.

Brothers of Italy (Italian: Fratelli d'Italia,[c] FdI) is a national-conservative[7][8] and right-wing populist[9][10][11][12] political party in Italy, that is currently the country's ruling party. After becoming the largest party in the 2022 Italian general election, it consolidated as one of the two major political parties in Italy during the 2020s along with the Democratic Party.[13][14] The party is led by Giorgia Meloni,[15][16] the incumbent Prime Minister of Italy.[17][18] Meloni's tenure has been described as the "most right-wing" republican government in Italy since World War II,[19][20][21] whilst her time in government is frequently described as a shift towards the far-right in Italian politics.[22][23][24][25]

In December 2012, FdI emerged from a right-wing split within The People of Freedom (PdL) party.[26] The bulk of FdI's membership (including Meloni, who has led the party since 2014), and its symbol, the tricolour flame,[27] hail from the post-fascist National Alliance (AN), which was established in 1995 and merged into PdL in 2009.[28] AN was the successor to the Italian Social Movement (MSI), a neo-fascist party active from 1946 to 1995.[29][30][31][32][33] However, FdI is home also to several former Christian Democrats[34][35] and half of its ministers are not former MSI members.[36][37]

According to Meloni and leading members, FdI is a mainstream conservative party.[38][39] Academics and observers have variously described it as conservative,[40][41] national-conservative, right-wing populist, social-conservative,[42] nationalist,[43][44] neo-fascist,[45][41] post-fascist,[46][47] nativist[48][49] and anti-immigrant.[9][11] The party espouses a Eurosceptic position,[40][50] while being in favour of Atlanticism.[40][51] While its MEPs were originally affiliated with the European People's Party Group, they left in 2014 and joined the European Conservatives and Reformists in 2019, which has been led by Meloni since 2020.[52][53] FdI proposes a "confederal Europe" of nations as opposed to a "federal Europe".[54][55][56]


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ "Sondaggi a picco? Adesso per la Lega anche i tesserati sono al palo. Invece Fratelli d'Italia cresce e rischia di mangiarsi Salvini a breve". La Notizia (in Italian). 6 April 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  2. ^ Jones & Pilat 2020.
  3. ^ Bond, Emma; Pipyrou, Stavroula (4 May 2023). "Futures in post-displacement Italy". Journal of Modern Italian Studies. 28 (4): 403–414. doi:10.1080/1354571X.2023.2198838.
  4. ^ Bosworth, R. J. B. (22 April 2021). "Victoria de Grazia, The Perfect Fascist: A Story of Love, Power, and Morality in Mussolini's Italy". European History Quarterly. 51 (2): 271–273. doi:10.1177/02656914211005956d.
  5. ^ Bruno, Valerio Alfonso; Downes, James F. (2023). The Radicalisation of the Italian Mainstream.
  6. ^ Vampa, Davide (23 March 2023). "Brothers of Italy, the Radical Right and Populism in Italy". Brothers of Italy, the Radical Right and Populism in Italy. In: Brothers of Italy. Springer. pp. 1–14. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26132-9_1. ISBN 978-3-031-26132-9.
  7. ^ Papakostas & Pasamitros 2016, p. 32.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Taube 2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference ZDF 2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Rooduijn et al. 2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Zulianello 2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Baldini, Gianfranco; Tronconi, Filippo; Angelucci, Davide (10 January 2023). "Yet Another Populist Party? Understanding the Rise of Brothers of Italy". South European Society and Politics. 27 (3): 385–405. doi:10.1080/13608746.2022.2159625. hdl:11585/938874. ISSN 1360-8746. S2CID 255770470.
  13. ^ Winfield, Nicole (26 September 2022). "How a party of neo-fascist roots won big in Italy". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  14. ^ D'Emilio, Frances; Winfield, Nicole; Zampano, Giada (27 September 2022). "First female premier poised to take helm of Italy government". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  15. ^ Kington, Tom (25 July 2022). "Hurdles ahead for Giorgia Meloni, the rightwinger who would rule Italy". The Times. Rome. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  16. ^ Kirby, Jen (24 September 2022). "The far right is having a moment in Europe. Actually, everywhere". Vox. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  17. ^ "Far-right Meloni set to become Italy's first woman PM". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 21 October 2022. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  18. ^ Harlan, Chico; Pitrelli, Stefano (21 October 2022). "Meloni sworn in as Italy's first female prime minister". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  19. ^ Leali, Giorgio; Roberts, Hannah (25 September 2022). "Italy on track to elect most right-wing government since Mussolini". Politico. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  20. ^ Braithwaite, Sharon; DiDonato, Valentina; Fox, Kara; Mortensen, Antonia; Nadeau, Barbie Latza; Ruotolo, Nicola (26 September 2022). "Giorgia Meloni claims victory to become Italy's most far-right prime minister since Mussolini". CNN. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  21. ^ "Italy election: Meloni says center-right bloc has 'clear' mandate". Deutsche Welle. 26 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  22. ^ Pietrucci, Pamela (2 January 2023). "Neofascist "Thugs," Pandemic Protests, Populisms: Giorgia Meloni's Cerchiobottismo and the Rise of Fratelli D'Italia During the Pandemic". Javnost - the Public. 30 (1): 51–66. doi:10.1080/13183222.2023.2168444. ISSN 1318-3222.
  23. ^ Indelicato, Maria Elena; Magalhães Lopes, Maíra (February 2024). "Understanding populist far-right anti-immigration and anti-gender stances beyond the paradigm of gender as 'a symbolic glue': Giorgia Meloni's modern motherhood, neo-Catholicism, and reproductive racism". European Journal of Women's Studies. 31 (1): 6–20. doi:10.1177/13505068241230819. hdl:10316/115482. ISSN 1350-5068.
  24. ^ De Giorgi, Elisabetta; Cavalieri, Alice; Feo, Francesca (2023). "From Opposition Leader to Prime Minister: Giorgia Meloni and Women's Issues in the Italian Radical Right". Politics and Governance. 11 (1): 108–118. doi:10.17645/pag.v11i1.6042. ISSN 2183-2463.
  25. ^ Nadeau, Barbie Latza (2018). "Femme Fascista". World Policy Journal. 35 (2): 14–21. doi:10.1215/07402775-7085556. ISSN 0740-2775.
  26. ^ Roberts, Hannah (3 August 2022). "Italy confronts its fascist past as the right prepares for power". Politico Europe. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  27. ^ Roberts, Hannah (10 August 2022). "I'm not a fascist — I like the Tories, says Italy's far-right leader". Politico Europe. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  28. ^ "Fratelli d'Italia riaccende la 'fiamma'. Nel nuovo logo i simboli di Msi e An" [Brothers of Italy rekindles the 'flame'. In the new logo, the symbols of Msi and An] (in Italian). TGcom24. 16 February 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  29. ^ "Fratelli d'Italia: dova va la destra italiana" [Brothers of Italy: where the Italian right goes] (in Italian). I Mille. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  30. ^ Payne, Stanley G. (1 January 2022). "Antifascist after Fascism". First Things (January 2022). Retrieved 28 September 2022. The Movimento Sociale Italiano, a significant minority party, once seemed the best candidate for neofascism, but moderated and mutated continuously to win votes. By the 1990s it had morphed into the Alleanza Nazionale, a relatively standard and anodyne center-right parliamentary group.
  31. ^ Benveniste, Campani & Lazaridis 2016, p. 36; Kuhar & Paternotte 2017; Russell 2019.
  32. ^ Carlo, Andrea (20 June 2022). "Could Giorgia Meloni become Italy's next prime minister?". Euronews. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  33. ^ Ciucci, Chiara (13 August 2022). "Dall'Msi a Fratelli d'Italia, passando per An e la svolta di Fiuggi: storia della fiamma tricolore nata con Almirante e arrivata fino a Meloni" [From MSI to Brothers of Italy, passing through An and the turning point of Fiuggi: the story of the tricolor flame born with Almirante and reaching Meloni]. Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  34. ^ Fraschilla, Antonio (26 August 2022). "La caccia al centro di Giorgia Meloni per nascondere la "matrice": la rete degli ex Dc in Fratelli d'Italia". L'Espresso (in Italian). Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  35. ^ Rotondi, Gianfranco (10 August 2022). "Democristiani per Meloni. Rotondi spiega perché vota per Fratelli d'Italia". HuffPost (in Italian). Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  36. ^ FdI is represented in the Meloni government by Prime Minister Meloni and nine ministers, five of whom were never MSI members: Carlo Nordio (a former prosecutor and a former Liberal), Guido Crosetto (a former Christian Democrat), Daniela Santanchè (who entered politics with AN), Raffaele Fitto (a former Christian Democrat) and Eugenia Roccella (a former Radical, more recently affiliated with Catholic movements).
  37. ^ Gagliardi, Andrea (21 October 2022). "Nasce il governo Meloni: ecco chi sono tutti i ministri". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  38. ^ "Italy's frontrunner party suspends candidate over Hitler praise". Reuters. 20 September 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  39. ^ Cite error: The named reference Amante & Balmer 2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  40. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference CSIS 2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  41. ^ a b Ceccarini, Luigi; Newell, James L. (2019). "Introduction: The Paradoxical Election". In Newell, James L.; Ceccarini, Luigi (eds.). The Italian General Election of 2018: Italy in Uncharted Territory. Springer International Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 978-3-03-013617-8.
  42. ^ Cite error: The named reference Pirro 2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  43. ^ Johnson, Miles (5 June 2020). "Giorgia Meloni emerges as challenger to Salvini on Italian right". Financial Times. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  44. ^ Lavanga, Claudio; Smith, Alexander (11 August 2019). "Italy's Salvini calls for elections, raises possibility of far-right rule". NBC News. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  45. ^ Mammone 2015; Benveniste, Campani & Lazaridis 2016, p. 36; Campani & Lazaridis 2016, p. 45; Kuhar & Paternotte 2017; Jones & Pilat 2020; Bosworth 2021.
  46. ^ Davide Vampa (2023). Brothers of Italy: A New Populist Wave in an Unstable Party System. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 126. ISBN 978-3-031-26132-9.
  47. ^ "Brothers of Italy, the far-right party on the cusp of power". France 24. Agence France-Press. 24 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022. ... the post-fascist Brothers of Italy, looks set to do well in Italian elections on September 25.
  48. ^ Donà, Alessia (31 August 2022). "The rise of the Radical Right in Italy: the case of Fratelli d'Italia". Journal of Modern Italian Studies. 27 (5): 775–794. doi:10.1080/1354571X.2022.2113216. hdl:11572/352744. S2CID 251987503.
  49. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kirby 2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  50. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bailo 2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  51. ^ Cite error: The named reference Vitale 2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  52. ^ Steven, Martin; Szczerbiak, Aleks (6 May 2022). "Conservatism and 'Eurorealism' in the European Parliament: the European Conservatives and Reformists under the leadership of Poland's Law and Justice" (PDF). European Politics and Society. 24 (5): 585–602. doi:10.1080/23745118.2022.2065725. ISSN 2374-5118. S2CID 248600333.
  53. ^ "Il segnale di Meloni alla stampa estera: 'Nessuna svolta autoritaria, la destra italiana ha consegnato il fascismo alla storia da decenni'" [Meloni's signal to the foreign press: 'No authoritarian turning point, the Italian right has consigned fascism to history for decades']. Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 10 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  54. ^ "UE, Meloni: Conservatori europei ribadiscono impegno per costruire Europa delle nazioni fondata su un modello confederale" [EU, Meloni: European conservatives reaffirm their commitment to build a Europe of nations based on a confederal model]. Giorgia Meloni (in Italian). 6 July 2022. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  55. ^ "Ue, Meloni: 'Vorrei un'Europa confederale'" [EU, Meloni: 'I would like a confederal Europe'] (in Italian). Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata. 6 July 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  56. ^ Sondel-Cedarmas, Joanna (2022). "Giorgia Meloni's New Europe: Europe of Sovereign Nations in the Brothers of Italy Party Manifestos". In Berti, Francesco; Sondel-Cedarmas, Joanna (eds.). The Right-Wing Critique of Europe. London: Taylor & Francis. doi:10.4324/9781003226123-8. ISBN 978-1-0005-2042-2. S2CID 246381004.

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