Back Butch en femme Afrikaans বুচ এবং ফেম Bengali/Bangla Butch i femme Catalan Butch und Femme German Butch y femme Spanish Butch ja femme Finnish Butch-fem French בוצ'ה ופמית HE Butch és femme Hungarian ブッチとファム Japanese
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Butch and femme (/fɛm/; French: [fam];[1][2] from French femme 'woman')[3] are masculine (butch) or feminine (femme) identities in the lesbian subculture[4] that have associated traits, behaviors, styles, self-perception, and so on.[5][6] This concept has been called a "way to organize sexual relationships and gender and sexual identity".[7] Butch–femme culture is not the sole form of a lesbian dyadic system, as there are many women in butch–butch and femme–femme relationships.[8]
Both the expression of individual lesbians of butch and femme identities and the relationship of the lesbian community in general to the notion of butch and femme as an organizing principle for sexual relations varied over the course of the 20th century.[9] Some lesbian feminists have argued that butch–femme is a replication of heterosexual relations, while other commentators argue that, while it resonates with heterosexual patterns of relating, butch–femme simultaneously challenges it.[10] Research in the 1990s in the United States showed that "95% of lesbians are familiar with butch/femme codes and can rate themselves or others in terms of those codes, and yet the same percentage feels that butch/femme was 'unimportant in their lives'".[11]
- ^ "femme". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
- ^ "How to say "Woman" in French (Femme)". Speechling. Archived from the original on September 9, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "femme". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Theophanowas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Hollibaugh, Amber L. (2000). My Dangerous Desires: A Queer Girl Dreaming Her Way Home. Duke University Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0822326199.
- ^ Boyd, Helen (2004). My Husband Betty: Love, Sex and Life With a Cross-Dresser. Sdal Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-1560255154.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Kramararae, Chris (2000). Rutledge International Encyclopaedia of Women. Routledge. p. 133. ISBN 978-0415920896.
- ^ Beeming, Brett (1996). Queer Studies: A Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Anthology. NYU press. pp. 23–27. ISBN 978-0814712580.
- ^ Harmon, Lori (2007). Gender Identity, Minority Stress, And Substance Use Among Lesbians. pp. 5–7. ISBN 978-0549398059.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Sullivan, Nikki (2003). Critical Introduction to Queer Theory. Edinburgh University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0748615971. Archived from the original on August 22, 2024. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
- ^ Caramagno, Thomas C. (2002). Irreconcilable Differences? Intellectual Stalemate in the Gay Rights Debate. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 138. ISBN 978-0275977115. Archived from the original on August 22, 2024. Retrieved October 16, 2020.