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The Catholic Church and Judaism have a long and complex history of cooperation and conflict, and have had a strained relationship throughout history, with periods of persecution, violence and discrimination directed towards Jews by Christians, particularly during the Middle Ages[citation needed].
The Catholic Church, as the largest Christian denomination, traces its roots back to the early Christian community, while Judaism is the oldest monotheistic religion. Christianity started as a movement within Judaism in the mid-1st century. Worshipers of the diverging religions initially co-existed, but began branching out under Paul the Apostle. In 380, Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire[citation needed], and a power on its own after the Fall of Rome. As Christianity grew and became the dominant religion in the Roman Empire, the relationship between the two religions began to change with the Catholic Church, which emerged as the main institution of Christianity, starting to view Judaism as a rival religion[citation needed]. In the 4th century, the Roman Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it the state religion[citation needed]. The Church began to suppress the practice of Judaism and forced many Jews to convert to Christianity[citation needed]. This persecution continued for several centuries[citation needed], with Jews being subjected to forced conversions[citation needed], expulsions, and massacres.
During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church institutionalized antisemitism[citation needed] through the creation of discriminatory laws[citation needed] and the establishment of the Inquisition[citation needed]. This led[citation needed] to widespread persecution of Jews, including forced conversions, expulsions, and pogroms. Jews were expelled from Catholic kingdoms, including England and Spain and many of the principalities and cities of the Holy Roman Empire and Italy.
After the Holocaust in the 20th century, the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s led to improvements in the relationship between the Catholic Church and Judaism, following the Church's repudiation[citation needed] of the Jewish deicide accusation and its addressing the topic of antisemitism. In 1965, the Church issued the document "Nostra aetate" which condemned antisemitism and recognized the shared heritage of Jews and Christians. Since the 1970s, interfaith committees have met regularly to address relations between the religions, and Catholic and Jewish institutions have continued to work together on issues such as social justice, interfaith dialogue, and Holocaust education. The Catholic Church has also taken steps to address the harm caused by past persecution of Jews, such as the establishment of the Vatican Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews and the apology of the Pope John Paul II to the Jewish community.