Catholic Church in Scotland | |
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Scottish Gaelic: An Eaglais Chaitligeach ann an Alba | |
Classification | Catholic |
Orientation | Latin |
Scripture | Bible |
Theology | Catholic theology |
Polity | Episcopal |
Governance | BCOS |
Pope | Francis |
President | Hugh Gilbert |
Apostolic Nuncio | Miguel Maury Buendía |
Region | Scotland |
Language | English, Latin |
Founder | Saint Ninian, Saint Mungo, Saint Columba |
Origin | c. 200s: Christianity in Roman Britain c. 400s: Medieval Christianity |
Separations | Church of Scotland |
Members | 841,053 (2011)[1] |
Official website | bcos.org.uk |
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The Catholic Church in Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: An Eaglais Chaitligeach ann an Alba; Scots: Catholic Kirk in Scotland) overseen by the Scottish Bishops' Conference, is part of the worldwide Catholic Church headed by the Pope. After being introduced through Iona Abbey and firmly established in Scotland for nearly a millennium, the Catholic Church was outlawed following the Scottish Reformation in 1560. Throughout nearly three centuries of religious persecution, several pockets in Scotland retained a significant pre-Reformation Catholic population, including Banffshire, the Hebrides, and more northern parts of the Highlands, Galloway at Terregles House, Munches House, Kirkconnell House, New Abbey and Parton House and at Traquair in Peebleshire.
While many students for the priesthood, such as John Ogilvie, Angus Bernard MacEachern, and Alexander Cameron, went abroad to study, others remained in Scotland and attended strictly illegal seminaries. After an early seminary upon Eilean Bàn in Loch Morar was destroyed by government troops during the Jacobite rising of 1715, Scalan seminary in Glenlivet was established in 1716 and rebuilt in the 1760s by Bishop John Geddes, who later became Vicar Apostolic of the Lowland District and a well-known figure in the Edinburgh intelligentsia during the Scottish Enlightenment. When Scottish national poet Robert Burns, who also gifted the Bishop with the volume now known as The Geddes Burns, wrote to a correspondent that "the first [that is, finest] cleric character I ever saw was a Roman Catholick", he was referring to Bishop John Geddes.[2]
Catholic emancipation in 1793 and 1829 helped Catholics regain both freedom of religion and civil rights. In 1878, the Catholic hierarchy was formally restored.[3] As the Church was slowly rebuilding its presence in the Gàidhealtachd, many Roman Catholic clergy, including Bishop Angus MacDonald and Fr Allan MacDonald, became the ringleaders of direct action resistance campaign by their parishioners to the Highland Clearances, rackrenting, religious discrimination, and other acts widely seen as abuses of power by Anglo-Scottish landlords and their estate factors.
Many Scottish Roman Catholics in the Lowlands are the descendants of Irish immigrants and of Scottish Gaelic-speaking migrants from the Highlands and Islands who both moved into Scotland's cities and industrial towns during the 19th century, especially during the Highland Clearances, the Highland Potato Famine, and the similar famine in Ireland. However, there are also significant numbers of Scottish Catholics of Italian, Lithuanian,[4] Ukrainian, and Polish descent, with more recent immigrants again boosting the numbers of continental Catholics of Eastern European descent in Scotland. Owing to immigration (overwhelmingly white European), it is estimated that, in 2009, there were about 850,000 Catholics in the country of 5.1 million.[5]
The Gàidhealtachd has been both Catholic and Protestant in modern times. A number of Scottish Gaelic-speaking areas, including Barra, Benbecula, South Uist, Eriskay, and Moidart, are mainly Catholic. (See also the "Religion of the Yellow Stick".)
Similarly to iconic Pre-Reformation Scottish poets and writers like Aneirin, Blind Harry, Walter Kennedy, Hector Boece, William Elphinstone, and William Dunbar, many of the most important figures in Scottish Gaelic literature have been Catholics who have written frequently about their Catholic faith in their work. Their numbers have included Scottish Gaelic national poet Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair, Fr. Allan MacDonald, Allan The Ridge MacDonald, Iain Lom, Dòmhnall Iain Dhonnchaidh, Sìleas na Ceapaich, and Angus Peter Campbell. Furthermore, Scottish nationalist and literary scholar John Lorne Campbell and his wife, American ethnomusicologist Margaret Fay Shaw, who together helped lay the foundation for the modern Scottish Gaelic language revival, were both converts from Protestantism to Catholicism.
In the 2011 census, 16% of the population of Scotland described themselves as being Catholic, compared with 32% affiliated with the Church of Scotland.[6] Between 1994 and 2002, Catholic attendance in Scotland declined 19% to just over 200,000.[7] By 2008, the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Scotland estimated that 184,283 attended Mass regularly.[8]