Caudate nucleus

Caudate nucleus
Caudate nucleus
	Caudate nucleus (in red) shown within the brain
	Transverse cut of brain (horizontal section), basal ganglia is blue
Details
Part of	Dorsal striatum
Identifiers
Latin	nucleus caudatus
MeSH	D002421
NeuroNames	226
NeuroLex ID	birnlex_1373
TA98	A14.1.09.502
TA2	5561
FMA	61833
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

The caudate nucleus is one of the structures that make up the corpus striatum, which is part of the basal ganglia in the human brain.^[1] Although the caudate nucleus has long been associated with motor processes because of its role in Parkinson's disease,^[2]^{[clarification needed]}^[3] it also plays important roles in nonmotor functions, such as procedural learning,^[4] associative learning,^[5] and inhibitory control of action.^[6] The caudate is also one of the brain structures that compose the reward system, and it functions as part of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop.^[1]

^ ^a ^b Yager LM, Garcia AF, Wunsch AM, Ferguson SM (August 2015). "The ins and outs of the striatum: Role in drug addiction". Neuroscience. 301: 529–541. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.033. PMC 4523218. PMID 26116518.
^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 147–148. ISBN 9780071481274.
^ Bear, Mark F. (2016). Neuroscience : exploring the brain. Connors, Barry W.,, Paradiso, Michael A. (Fourth ed.). Philadelphia. p. 502. ISBN 9780781778176. OCLC 897825779.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 326. ISBN 9780071481274. Evidence that the caudate nucleus and putamen influence stimulus-response learning comes from lesion studies in rodents and primates and from neuroimaging studies in humans and from studies of human disease. In Parkinson disease, the dopaminergic innervation of the caudate and putamen is severely compromised by the death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (Chapter 17). Patients with Parkinson disease have normal declarative memory (unless they have a co-occurring dementia as may occur in Lewy body disease.) However, they have marked impairments of stimulus-response learning. Patients with Parkinson disease or other basal ganglia disorders such as Huntington disease (in which caudate neurons themselves are damaged) have deficits in other procedural learning tasks, such as the acquisition of new motor programs.
^ Anderson BA, Kuwabara H, Wong DF, Roberts J, Rahmim A, Brašić JR, Courtney SM (August 2017). "Linking dopaminergic reward signals to the development of attentional bias: A positron emission tomographic study". NeuroImage. 157: 27–33. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.062. PMC 5600829. PMID 28572059.
^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 321. ISBN 9780071481274. Functional neuroimaging in humans demonstrates activation of the prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus (part of the striatum) in tasks that demand inhibitory control of behavior.

[Striatal_efferents,_afferents,_and_colocalized_receptors_in_dMSNs_and_iMSNs-1] Yager LM, Garcia AF, Wunsch AM, Ferguson SM (August 2015). "The ins and outs of the striatum: Role in drug addiction". Neuroscience. 301: 529–541. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.033. PMC 4523218. PMID 26116518.

[NHM-Caudatep147-2] Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 147–148. ISBN 9780071481274.

[3] Bear, Mark F. (2016). Neuroscience : exploring the brain. Connors, Barry W.,, Paradiso, Michael A. (Fourth ed.). Philadelphia. p. 502. ISBN 9780781778176. OCLC 897825779.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[NHM-Caudatep326-4] Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 326. ISBN 9780071481274. Evidence that the caudate nucleus and putamen influence stimulus-response learning comes from lesion studies in rodents and primates and from neuroimaging studies in humans and from studies of human disease. In Parkinson disease, the dopaminergic innervation of the caudate and putamen is severely compromised by the death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (Chapter 17). Patients with Parkinson disease have normal declarative memory (unless they have a co-occurring dementia as may occur in Lewy body disease.) However, they have marked impairments of stimulus-response learning. Patients with Parkinson disease or other basal ganglia disorders such as Huntington disease (in which caudate neurons themselves are damaged) have deficits in other procedural learning tasks, such as the acquisition of new motor programs.

[5] Anderson BA, Kuwabara H, Wong DF, Roberts J, Rahmim A, Brašić JR, Courtney SM (August 2017). "Linking dopaminergic reward signals to the development of attentional bias: A positron emission tomographic study". NeuroImage. 157: 27–33. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.062. PMC 5600829. PMID 28572059.

[NHM-Caudate-6] Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 321. ISBN 9780071481274. Functional neuroimaging in humans demonstrates activation of the prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus (part of the striatum) in tasks that demand inhibitory control of behavior.

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