Chief Joseph

Chief Joseph
hinmatóowyalahtq̓it
Portrait by Edward Sheriff Curtis, 1903
Born	(1840-03-03)March 3, 1840 Wallowa Valley, Nez Perce territory[a]
Died	September 21, 1904(1904-09-21) (aged 64) Colville Indian Reservation, Washington, U.S.
Resting place	Chief Joseph Cemetery, Nespelem, Washington 48°10′6.7″N 118°58′38″W / 48.168528°N 118.97722°W / 48.168528; -118.97722
Other names	Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt In-mut-too-yah-lat-lat Joseph the Younger Young Joseph
Known for	Nez Perce leader
Predecessor	Joseph the Elder (father)
Spouses	Heyoon Yoyikt ​ (m. 1880)​ Springtime
Children	5
Father	tuekakas
Relatives	2 brothers, including Ollokot 4 sisters
Signature

Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt (or hinmatóowyalahtq̓it in Americanist orthography; March 3, 1840 – September 21, 1904), popularly known as Chief Joseph, Young Joseph, or Joseph the Younger, was a leader of the wal-lam-wat-kain (Wallowa) band of Nez Perce, a Native American tribe of the interior Pacific Northwest region of the United States, in the latter half of the 19th century. He succeeded his father Tuekakas (Chief Joseph the Elder) in the early 1870s.

Chief Joseph led his band of Nez Perce during the most tumultuous period in their history, when they were forcibly removed by the United States federal government from their ancestral lands in the Wallowa Valley of northeastern Oregon onto a significantly reduced reservation in the Idaho Territory. A series of violent encounters with white settlers in the spring of 1877 culminated in those Nez Perce who resisted removal, including Joseph's band and an allied band of the Palouse tribe, fleeing the United States in an attempt to reach political asylum alongside the Lakota people, who had sought refuge in Canada under the leadership of Sitting Bull.

At least 800 men, women, and children led by Joseph and other Nez Perce chiefs were pursued by the U.S. Army under General Oliver O. Howard in a 1,170-mile (1,900 km) fighting retreat known as the Nez Perce War. The skill with which the Nez Perce fought and the manner in which they conducted themselves in the face of incredible adversity earned them widespread admiration from their military opponents and the American public, and coverage of the war in U.S. newspapers led to popular recognition of Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce.

In October 1877, after months of fugitive resistance, most of the surviving remnants of Joseph's band were cornered in northern Montana Territory, just 40 miles (64 km) from the Canadian border. Unable to fight any longer, Chief Joseph surrendered to the Army with the understanding that he and his people would be allowed to return to the reservation in western Idaho. He was instead transported between various forts and reservations on the southern Great Plains before being moved to the Colville Indian Reservation in the state of Washington, where he died in 1904.

Chief Joseph's life remains an iconic event in the history of the American Indian Wars. For his passionate, principled resistance to his tribe's forced removal, Joseph became renowned as both a humanitarian and a peacemaker.
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