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Chlorine cycle

Biogeochemical chlorine cycle: chlorine is cycled through the atmosphere, mantle, crust, pedosphere, cryosphere, and oceans as chloride and organic chlorine.[1][2][3][4][5] Arrows are labeled in fluxes of chlorine in Tg (teragram) per year. Estimates are also made of natural chlorine contents in Earth's reservoirs and the form they are stored in.[1][2][3] The mantle constitutes the largest reservoir of chlorine at 22 x 1012 teragrams.[2] Chlorine is cycled through the pedosphere via biotic and abiotic processes that lead to this reservoir acting as a sink.[1][3][4][5]

The chlorine cycle (Cl) is the biogeochemical cycling of chlorine through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. Chlorine is most commonly found as inorganic chloride ions, or a number of chlorinated organic forms.[1][2] Over 5,000 biologically-produced chlorinated organics have been identified.[3]

The cycling of chlorine into the atmosphere and creation of chlorine compounds by anthropogenic sources has major impacts on climate change and depletion of the ozone layer. Chlorine plays essential roles in many biological processes, including numerous roles in the human body.[6] It also acts as an essential co-factor in enzymes involved in plant photosynthesis.[3]

  1. ^ a b c d Öberg, G. (2002). "The natural chlorine cycle - fitting the scattered pieces". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 58 (5): 565–581. doi:10.1007/s00253-001-0895-2. ISSN 0175-7598. PMID 11956738. S2CID 23378098.
  2. ^ a b c d Graedel, Thomas E.; Keene, W. C. (1996). "The Budget and Cycle of Earth's Natural Chlorine". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 68 (9): 1689–1697. doi:10.1351/pac199668091689. ISSN 1365-3075. S2CID 53389045.
  3. ^ a b c d e Svensson, Teresia; Kylin, Henrik; Montelius, Malin; Sandén, Per; Bastviken, David (2021). "Chlorine cycling and the fate of Cl in terrestrial environments". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28 (7): 7691–7709. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-12144-6. ISSN 0944-1344. PMC 7854439. PMID 33400105.
  4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Berend, Kenrick; van Hulsteijn, Leonard Hendrik; Gans, Rijk O.B. (2012). "Chloride: The queen of electrolytes?". European Journal of Internal Medicine. 23 (3): 203–211. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2011.11.013. PMID 22385875.

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