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Citation impact or citation rate is a measure of how many times an academic journal article or book or author is cited by other articles, books or authors.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Citation counts are interpreted as measures of the impact or influence of academic work and have given rise to the field of bibliometrics or scientometrics,[7][8] specializing in the study of patterns of academic impact through citation analysis. The importance of journals can be measured by the average citation rate,[9][6] the ratio of number of citations to number articles published within a given time period and in a given index, such as the journal impact factor or the citescore. It is used by academic institutions in decisions about academic tenure, promotion and hiring, and hence also used by authors in deciding which journal to publish in. Citation-like measures are also used in other fields that do ranking, such as Google's PageRank algorithm, software metrics, college and university rankings, and business performance indicators.
- ^ Garfield, E. (1955). "Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas". Science. 122 (3159): 108–111. Bibcode:1955Sci...122..108G. doi:10.1126/science.122.3159.108. PMID 14385826.
- ^ Garfield, E. (1973). "Citation Frequency as a Measure of Research Activity and Performance" (PDF). Essays of an Information Scientist. 1: 406–408.
- ^ Garfield, E. (1988). "Can Researchers Bank on Citation Analysis?" (PDF). Essays of an Information Scientist. 11: 354.
- ^ Garfield, E. (1998). "The use of journal impact factors and citation analysis in the evaluation of science". 41st Annual Meeting of the Council of Biology Editors.
- ^ Moed, Henk F. (2005). Citation Analysis in Research Evaluation. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-3713-9.
- ^ a b Haustein, S. (2012). Multidimensional Journal Evaluation: Analyzing Scientific Periodicals beyond the Impact Factor. Knowledge and Information. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-025555-3. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
- ^ Leydesdorff, L., & Milojević, S. (2012). Scientometrics. arXiv preprint arXiv:1208.4566.
- ^ Harnad, S. (2009). Open access scientometrics and the UK Research Assessment Exercise. Scientometrics, 79(1), 147-156.
- ^ Garfield, Eugene (1972-11-03). "Citation Analysis as a Tool in Journal Evaluation". Science. 178 (4060). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 471–479. Bibcode:1972Sci...178..471G. doi:10.1126/science.178.4060.471. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 5079701.