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Citizenship

"Citizen" redirects here. For other uses, see Citizen (disambiguation).
Legal status of persons
Birthright
Nationality
Immigration

Citizenship is a membership and allegiance to a sovereign state.[1][a]

Though citizenship is often conflated with nationality in today's English-speaking world,[3][4][5] international law does not usually use the term citizenship to refer to nationality;[6][7] these two notions are conceptually different dimensions of collective membership.[8]

Generally citizenships have no expiration and allow persons to work, reside and vote in the polity, as well as identify with the polity, possibly acquiring a passport. Though through discriminatory laws, like disfranchisement and outright apartheid citizens have been made second-class citizens. Historically, populations of states were mostly subjects,[1] while citizenship was a particular status which originated in the rights of urban populations, like the rights of the male public of cities and republics, particularly ancient city-states, giving rise to a civitas and the social class of the burgher or bourgeoisie. Since then states have expanded the status of citizenship to most of their national people, while the extent of citizen rights remain contested.

  1. ^ a b Leydet, Dominique (2006-10-13). "Citizenship". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
  2. ^ Irving, Helen (2022). Allegiance, Citizenship and the Law: The Enigma of Belonging. Elgar Studies in Legal Theory. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. pp. 2-3. ISBN 978-1-83910-254-7.
  3. ^ "Citizenship and Participation — Manual for Human Rights Education with Young people". Manual for Human Rights Education with Young people. 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
  4. ^ Votruba, Martin. "Nationality, ethnicity in Slovakia". Slovak Studies Program. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on 2014-09-25. Retrieved 2013-04-23.
  5. ^ Nationality and Statelessness: A Handbook for Parliamentarians (PDF). UNHCR and IPU. 2005. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
  6. ^ "International Migration Law No. 34 - Glossary on Migration" (PDF). International Organization for Migration: 143–144. 2019-06-19. ISSN 1813-2278.
  7. ^ Rütte, Barbara von (2022-12-19), "Citizenship and Nationality: Terms, Concepts and Rights", The Human Right to Citizenship, Brill Nijhoff, pp. 11–57, ISBN 978-90-04-51752-3, retrieved 2023-11-27
  8. ^ Sassen, Saskia (2002). "17. Towards Post-National and Denationalized Citizenship". In Isin, Engin F.; Turner, Bryan S. (eds.). Handbook of Citizenship Studies. SAGE Publications. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-7619-6858-0. Archived from the original on 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2016-05-06.


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