Competence (polyseme)

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Competence (also called competency^[1] or capability^[2]) is a polyseme^[3][4][5] indicating a variety of different notions. In current literature, three notions are most evident. The first notion is that of a general competence, which is someone's capacity or ability to perform effectively on a specified set of behavioral attributes (e.g. performances, skills, attitudes, tasks, roles, talents, and so forth).^[6][7][8] The second notion refers to someone's capacity or ability to successfully perform a specific behavioral attribute — be it overt or covert — like learning a language, reading a book or playing a musical instrument.^[8][9][10] In both notions, someone may be qualified as being competent. In a third notion, a competence is the behavioral attribute itself, instead of a general or specific capacity or ability.^[11][12] One may for example excel at the competence of baking, at the competency of ceramics, or at the capability of reflexivity.

The pluralized forms of competence and competency are respectively competences and competencies.^[13] According to Boyatzis (2008) competencies are part of a behavioral approach to emotional, social, and cognitive intelligence.^[14] Moreover, competence is measurable and can be developed through training.^[14] In the context of human resources, practice may enable someone to improve the efficiency or performance of an activity or a job.^[14]

Concepts like knowledge, expertise, values or desires are not behavioral attributes but can be contained in behavior once executed.^[8] Take for example sharing knowledge or actualizing a desire.