Creek War

Creek War
Part of the War of 1812 and the American Indian Wars

William Weatherford surrendering to Andrew Jackson
DateJuly 22, 1813 – August 9, 1814
(1 year, 2 weeks and 4 days)
Location
Result

United States victory

Territorial
changes
Muscogee cede 22 million acres of land in Alabama and Georgia to the United States
Belligerents
United States
Muscogee
Cherokee
Choctaw
Red Sticks
 United Kingdom
Spain Spanish Empire
Tecumseh's confederacy
Commanders and leaders
Andrew Jackson
John Floyd
Ferdinand Claiborne
John Coffee
William McIntosh
Pushmataha
Mushulatubbee
William Weatherford
Menawa
Peter McQueen
Strength
~7,000 ~4,000
Casualties and losses
~584 killed ~1,597 killed

The Creek War (also the Red Stick War or the Creek Civil War) was a regional conflict between opposing Native American factions, European powers, and the United States during the early 19th century. The Creek War began as a conflict within the tribes of the Muscogee, but the United States quickly became involved. British traders and Spanish colonial officials in Florida supplied the Red Sticks with weapons and equipment due to their shared interest in preventing the expansion of the United States into regions under their control.

The Creek War took place largely in modern-day Alabama and along the Gulf Coast. Major engagements of the war involved the United States military and the Red Sticks (or Upper Creeks), a Muscogee tribal faction who resisted U.S. territorial expansion. The United States formed an alliance with the traditional enemies of the Muscogee, the Choctaw and Cherokee nations, as well as the Lower Creeks faction of the Muscogee. During the hostilities, the Red Sticks allied themselves to the British. A Red Stick force aided British Naval Officer Alexander Cochrane's advance towards New Orleans. The Creek War effectively ended in August 1814 with the signing of the Treaty of Fort Jackson, when Andrew Jackson forced the Creek confederacy to surrender more than 21 million acres in what is now southern Georgia and central Alabama.[1]

According to historian John K. Mahon, the Creek War "was as much a civil war among Creeks as between red and white".[2] The war was also a continuation of Tecumseh's War in the Old Northwest, and, although a conflict framed within the centuries-long American Indian Wars, it is usually more identified with, and considered an integral part of, the War of 1812.[3][4]

  1. ^ Green 1985, p. 43.
  2. ^ Mahon, John K., The History of the Second Seminole War, 1835–1842 (1967), University of Florida Press. p. 22
  3. ^ Owsley 2017, p. 1.
  4. ^ Waselkov 2009, p. 2.

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