Cyprian Norwid

Cyprian Norwid
Norwid in 1871
Born	(1821-09-24)24 September 1821 Laskowo-Głuchy, Congress Poland
Died	23 May 1883(1883-05-23) (aged 61) Paris, French Third Republic
Occupation	Poet essayist
Language	Polish
Period	1840–1883
Genre	Romanticism modernism
Notable works	Vade-mecum Promethidion Ad leones!
Relatives	Ludwik Norwid [pl]
Signature

Cyprian Kamil Norwid^[a] (Polish pronunciation: [ˈt͡sɨprjan ˈnɔrvit]; 24 September 1821 – 23 May 1883) was a Polish poet, dramatist, painter, sculptor, and philosopher. He is now considered one of the four most important Polish Romantic poets, though scholars still debate whether he is more aptly described as a late romantic or an early modernist.

Norwid led a tragic, often poverty-stricken life. He experienced mounting health problems, unrequited love, harsh critical reviews, and increasing social isolation. For most of his life he lived abroad, having left Polish lands in his twenties. Having briefly travelled across Western Europe in his youth, and briefly travelling to United States, where he worked as an illustrator, he lived chiefly in Paris, where he eventually died.

Considered a "rising star" in his youth, Norwid's original, nonconformist style was not appreciated in his lifetime. Partly due to this, he was excluded from high society. His work was rediscovered and appreciated only after his death by the Young Poland movement of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Today his most influential work is considered to be Vade-mecum, a vast anthology of verse he finished in 1866. Much of his work, including Vade-mecum, remained unpublished during his lifetime.

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