Dalma culture

Dalma Ceramic Vessel excavated in Iran in 1961 by Robert H. Dyson Jr. Metropolitan Museum

Dalma culture was a prehistoric archaeological culture of north-western Iran dating to early fifth millennium B.C. Later, it spread into the central Zagros region and elsewhere in adjacent areas. Its widespread ceramic remains were excavated in central and northern valleys of the Zagros Mountains in north-western Iran.[1] Dalma assemblages were initially discovered by the excavations carried out at Dalma Tepe and Hasanlu Tepe in south-western parts of Lake Urmia, in the valley of Solduz.[2][3]

Further excavations in Dalma Tepe as part of the Hasanlu Project of the University of Pennsylvania in 1961 uncovered more Dalma assemblages.[2][4] The excavated materials included architectural, burial, and ceramic remains, clay, bones, artifacts, ground stones, and chipped stones.[5] They indicated that Dalma culture dated back to the fifth millennium B.C.[2] As stated by Akbar Abedi, an Iranian archaeologist, Dalma is one of the famous type sites located in north-western Iran.[6]

Excavated ceramics are the most prominent aspect of this culture that has been uncovered so far, and there is less information available about other aspects.[7][8] The excavated materials do not provide sufficient details about Dalma people and their lifestyles.[7]

Dalma material tradition was spread across a wide area in the region with analogues technical and stylistic characteristics.[1] Excavated evidence indicates that this culture dispersed across central Zagros Mountains, northern Luristan, Urmia basin in Azerbaijan, and some parts of Mesopotamia such as Kirkuk.[9][10] Traces of Dalma culture have been discovered in north-western parts of the Iranian Plateau.[9] The widespread dispersal of Dalma tradition in this region argues that nomadic people were involved in the spread of this culture.[11]

  1. ^ a b HENRICKSON, Elizabeth F.; VITALI, Vanda (1987). "The Dalma Tradition : Prehistoric Inter-Regional Cultural Integration in Highland Western Iran". Paléorient. 13 (2): 37–45. doi:10.3406/paleo.1987.4427. ISSN 0153-9345. JSTOR 41492253.
  2. ^ a b c Young, T. Cuyler (1963). "DALMA PAINTED WARE". Penn Museum. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
  3. ^ Abedi, Akbar; Omrani, Behrooz; Karimifar, Azam (December 2015). "Fifth and fourth millennium BC in north-western Iran: Dalma and Pisdeli revisited". Documenta Praehistorica. 42. doi:10.4312/dp.42.23. ISSN 1854-2492 – via ResearchGate.
  4. ^ Dyson, Robert H. (1993). "DALMĀ TEPE". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
  5. ^ Hamlin, Carol (1975). "Dalma Tepe". Iran. 13: 111–127. doi:10.2307/4300529. ISSN 0578-6967. JSTOR 4300529.
  6. ^ Abedi, Akbar (2017). "Iranian Azerbaijan Pathway From The Zagros To The Caucasus, Anatolia And Northern Mesopotamia: Dava Göz, A New Neolithic And Chalcolithic Site In Nw Iran". Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry. 17: 69–87. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.258086.
  7. ^ a b Tonoike, Yukiko (2014). "Petrographic Analysis of the 6th Millennium B.C. Dalma Ceramics from Northwestern and Central Zagros". Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies. 2 (2): 65–82. doi:10.22111/ijas.2014.1526.
  8. ^ Mellaart, James (1967). The Earliest Settlements in Western Asia: From the Ninth to the End of the Fifth Millennium B.C. Cambridge University Press.
  9. ^ a b Zeynivand, Mohsen; Hariryan, Hamid; Heydarian, Mahmoud (2013). "The Dalma Settlements of Songhor and Koliyaei Plains, Central Zagros". Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies. 3 (1): 39–47. doi:10.22111/ijas.2013.1734.
  10. ^ Rahimi Sorkhani, Roghayeh; Eslami, Moein (2018-02-01). "Specialized pottery production in Dalma tradition; a statistical approach in pottery analysis from Soha Chay Tepe, Zanjan, Iran". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 17: 220–234. Bibcode:2018JArSR..17..220R. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.11.007. ISSN 2352-409X – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  11. ^ Binandeh, Ali; Glascock, Michael D.; Oga, April (2020-08-01). "Origin of obsidian tools from Ubaid and Rick Abad in Little Zab basin, Northwestern Iran". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 32: 102395. Bibcode:2020JArSR..32j2395B. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102395. ISSN 2352-409X. S2CID 219472213.

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