Back تعاريف الفاشية Arabic Faschismustheorie German Ορισμοί του φασισμού Greek Definiciones de fascismo Spanish Théories du fascisme French Definicije fašizma Croatian ファシズムの定義 Japanese ഫാസിസത്തിന്റെ നിർവചനങ്ങൾ Malayalam Lista de definições de fascismo Portuguese Определения фашизма Russian
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What constitutes a definition of fascism and fascist governments has been a complicated and highly disputed subject concerning the exact nature of fascism and its core tenets debated amongst historians, political scientists, and other scholars ever since Benito Mussolini first used the term in 1915. Historian Ian Kershaw once wrote that "trying to define 'fascism' is like trying to nail jelly to the wall".[1]
A significant number of scholars agree that a "fascist regime" is foremost an authoritarian form of government; however, the general academic consensus also holds that not all authoritarian regimes are fascist, and more distinguishing traits are required in order for a regime to be characterized as such.[2][3]
Similarly, fascism as an ideology is also hard to define. Originally, it referred to a totalitarian political movement linked with corporatism which existed in Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. Many scholars use the word "fascism" without capitalization in a more general sense to refer to an ideology (or group of ideologies) that has been influential in many countries at various times. For this purpose, they have sought to identify what Roger Griffin calls a "fascist minimum" — that is, the minimum conditions a movement must meet in order to be considered fascist.[4]
The apocalyptic and millenarian aspects of fascism have often been subjected to study.[5][6]
- ^ Kershaw, Ian (2016). To Hell and Back: Europe 1914–1949. New York: Penguin Books. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-14-310992-1.
- ^ Laqueur (1996); Eatwell (1996); Griffin (1991); Payne (1996); Fritzsche (1990); Laclau (1977); Reich (2000); Paxton (2004)
- ^ Weber 1982.
- ^ Griffin 1991.
- ^ Redles (2005); Vondung (2000); Ellwood (1999); Rhodes (1980); Wistrich (1985); Goodrick–Clarke (2004)
- ^ Cohn, N. (1970) [1957]. The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages (revised and expanded ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.