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Dhofar War

Dhofar War
Part of the Cold War and the Arab Cold War

A soldier of the Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces brewing tea in 1970
Date9 June 1963[7]– 11 March 1976
(12 years, 9 months and 2 days)
Location
Dhofar Governorate, Oman
Result Omani government victory[8]
Belligerents
Muscat and OmanOman Oman
 Iran
 United Kingdom
 Jordan
 DLF (1963–1968)
PFLOAG (1968–1974)
NDFLOAG (1969–1971)
PFLO (1974–1976)
Support:
 United Arab Emirates[1] (Financial aid)
 Saudi Arabia[2] (Financial aid)		 Support:
 South Yemen
 Soviet Union
 China[3][4][5]
 Cuba
 North Korea
 Iraq[6][1]
Strength
Muscat and OmanOman 10,000
1,800
Pahlavi Iran 4,000[9]
 British Army 500
 Royal Air Force 500
Jordan 800[10]
United Arab Emirates small troop unit[1]		 5,000–6,000 rebels[11][failed verification]
Casualties and losses
Muscat and OmanOman 187 killed
Muscat and OmanOman 559 wounded
Pahlavi Iran 719 killed[12]
Pahlavi Iran 1404 wounded[12]
United Kingdom 24 killed
United Kingdom 55 wounded		 1,400 killed
2,000 captured
(Iranian estimate)[13]
10,000 total killed[14]
Part of a series on the
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The Dhofar War (also known as the Dhofar Rebellion) took place from 1963 to 1976 in the province of Dhofar against the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman. The war began with the formation of the Dhofar Liberation Front, a Marxist group which aimed to create an independent state in Dhofar, free from the rule of the Omani Sultan Said bin Taimur. The rebels also held the broader goals of Arab nationalism which included ending British influence in the Persian Gulf region. Omani and British goals, on the other hand, were to safeguard Oman from communism and halt the spread of communist ideology as part of the broader Cold War.[15]

The war initially took the form of a low level insurgency with guerrilla warfare being used against Omani forces and the foreign presence in the country. A number of factors such as the British withdrawal from Aden and support from the newly independent South Yemen, China and the Soviet Union brought the rebels increased success, with the communists controlling the entirety of the Jebel region by the late 1960s. The 1970 Omani coup d'état led to the overthrow of Sultan Said bin Taimur by his reformist son Qaboos bin Said who was backed by a major British military intervention in the conflict. The British initiated a "hearts and minds" campaign to counter the communist rebels and began the process of modernising the Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces while simultaneously deploying the Special Air Service to conduct anti-insurgency operations against the rebels. This approach led to a string of victories against the rebels and was boosted by the Shah of Iran's intervention in the conflict to support the Sultanate of Oman in 1973. The war ended with the final defeat of the rebels in 1976.[2]

  1. ^ a b c "The Insurgency In Oman, 1962-1976". globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2005.
  2. ^ a b "The Dhofar Rebellion". countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  3. ^ Calabrese, J. (1990). From Flyswatters to Silkworms: The Evolution of China's Role in West Asia. Asian Survey. Vol. 30. p. 867.
  4. ^ Jeapes, pp. 26–27
  5. ^ "The Insurgency In Oman, 1962-1976". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  6. ^ Malovany, Pesach (2017). Wars of Modern Babylon: A History of the Iraqi Army from 1921 to 2003. University Press of Kentucky. pp. |page=755. ISBN 9780813169446.
  7. ^ "THE MOUNTAIN AND THE PLAIN: THE REBELLION IN OMAN" (PDF).
  8. ^ Paul, Christopher; Clarke, Colin P.; Grill, Beth; Dunigan, Molly (2013), "Oman (Dhofar Rebellion), 1965–1975: Case Outcome: COIN Win", Paths to Victory, Detailed Insurgency Case Studies, RAND Corporation, p. 274, ISBN 9780833081094, JSTOR 10.7249/j.ctt5hhsjk.34
  9. ^ Allen & Bigsbee, p. 72
  10. ^ "Oman: How the Shah of Iran Saved the Regime – A Forgotten Page of History". 5 March 2020. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ a b "Oman (and Dhofar) 1952-1979". acig.org. 26 August 2007. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2018.[better source needed]
  13. ^ "Oman(and Dhofar) 1952-1979". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  14. ^ Political Science. Middle East/North Africa/Persian Gulf Region. University of Central Arkansas. Retrieved 2011. [1] Archived 18 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ DeVore, Marc (12 February 2011). "The United Kingdom's last hot war of the Cold War: Oman, 1963–75". Cold War History. 11 (3): 441–471. doi:10.1080/14682745.2010.498823. S2CID 153796821. Retrieved 14 February 2023.

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