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Dhyana in Hinduism

For Meditation concept in Pali called Jhana, see Dhyana in Buddhism.
A Brahmana meditating (1851)
Malvina Hoffman, Bronze figure of Kashmiri in Meditation, 1930s, Field Museum of Natural History
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Dhyāna (Sanskrit: ध्यान) in Hinduism means contemplation and meditation.[1] Dhyana is taken up in Yoga practices, and is a means to samadhi and self-knowledge.[2]

The various concepts of dhyana and its practice originated in the Sramanic movement of ancient India,[3][4] which started before the 6th century BCE (pre-Buddha, pre-Mahavira),[5][6] and the practice has been influential within the diverse traditions of Hinduism.[7][8] It is, in Hinduism, a part of a self-directed awareness and unifying Yoga process by which the yogi realizes Self (Atman, soul), one's relationship with other living beings, and Ultimate Reality.[7][9][10] Dhyana is also found in other Indian religions such as Buddhism and Jainism,[1] and all traditions introduced unique aspects and context to Dhyana, and mutually influenced each other.[8]

All the while similar traditions developed within Zoroastrianism in Persia under the label daena.

The term Dhyana appears in Aranyaka and Brahmana layers of the Vedas but with unclear meaning, while in the early Upanishads it appears in the sense of "contemplation, meditation" and an important part of self-knowledge process.[7][11] It is described in numerous Upanishads of Hinduism,[12] and in Patanjali's Yogasutras - a key text of the Yoga school of Hindu philosophy.[13][14]

  1. ^ a b Jones & Ryan 2006, pp. 283–284.
  2. ^ Jones & Ryan 2006, p. 283.
  3. ^ Bronkhorst 1993, p. 53.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference sagarmaljain15 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference reginaldray247 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference andrew was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference williammahonytau171 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b Bronkhorst 1993, pp. 65–83.
  9. ^ Edwin Bryant (2009), The Yoga sūtras of Patañjali: a new edition, translation, and commentary with insights from the traditional commentators, North Point Press, ISBN 978-0865477360, pages xxii, xxix-xxx
  10. ^ Wynne 2007, p. 94.
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference staaldtv182 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference jacobprinupan472 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Whicher 1998, p. 49.
  14. ^ Stuart Sarbacker (2011), Yoga Powers (Editor: Knut A. Jacobsen), Brill, ISBN 978-9004212145, page 195

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