Back اكتشاف إشعاع الأمواج الصغرية للخلفية الكونية Arabic Descubrimiento de la radiación de fondo de microondas Spanish کشف تابش ریزموج زمینه کیهانی Persian Objav kozmického mikrovlnného pozadia Slovak Kozmik mikrodalga arka plan ışımasının keşfi Turkish

Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation

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The discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation constitutes a major development in modern physical cosmology. In 1964, US physicist Arno Allan Penzias and radio-astronomer Robert Woodrow Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background (CMB), estimating its temperature as 3.5 K, as they experimented with the Holmdel Horn Antenna.[1][2] The new measurements were accepted as important evidence for a hot early Universe (big bang theory) and as evidence against the rival steady state theory[3] as theoretical work around 1950[4] showed the need for a CMB for consistency with the simplest relativistic universe models. In 1978, Penzias and Wilson were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for their joint measurement. There had been a prior measurement of the cosmic background radiation (CMB) by Andrew McKellar in 1941 at an effective temperature of 2.3 K using CN stellar absorption lines observed by W. S. Adams.[5] Although no reference to the CMB is made by McKellar, it was not until much later[6] after the Penzias and Wilson measurements that the significance of this measurement was understood.

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference PenziasWilson65CMB was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference NYT-20230905 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Dicke65 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Sciama, D. W. (1990). Mandolesi, N.; Vittorio, N. (eds.). "The Impact of the CMB Discovery on Theoretical Cosmology". The Cosmic Microwave Background: 25 Years Later. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands: 1–15. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-0655-6_1. ISBN 978-94-009-0655-6.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference McKellar was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Thaddeus1972 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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