Back Diskriminierung von Atheisten und Agnostikern ALS التمييز ضد الملحدين Arabic নাস্তিকদের প্রতি বৈষম্য Bengali/Bangla Diskriminace ateistů Czech Атеистсене хӗсӗрлени CV Diskriminierung von Atheisten German Ateistan sero diskriminasyon DIQ Discriminación contra los ateos Spanish تبعیض علیه بیخدایان Persian Ateistien syrjintä Finnish
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Discrimination against atheists, sometimes called atheophobia,[1] atheistophobia,[2] or anti-atheism,[3][4] both at present and historically, includes persecution of and discrimination against people who are identified as atheists. Discrimination against atheists may be manifested by negative attitudes, prejudice, hostility, hatred, fear, or intolerance towards atheists and atheism or even the complete denial of atheists' existence.[5][6][7] It is often expressed in distrust regardless of its manifestation.[8] Perceived atheist prevalence seems to be correlated with reduction in prejudice.[9] There is global prevalence of mistrust in moral perceptions of atheists found in even secular countries and among atheists.[10]
Because atheism can be defined in various ways, those discriminated against or persecuted on the grounds of being atheists might not have been considered atheists in a different time or place. Thirteen Muslim countries officially punish atheism or apostasy by death and Humanists International asserts that "the overwhelming majority" of the 193 member states of the United Nations "at best discriminate against citizens who have no belief in a god and at worst can jail them for offences dubbed blasphemy".[11][12]
- ^ Warf, Barney (2015). "Atheist Geographies and Geographies of Atheism". In Stanley D. Brunn; Donna A. Gilbreath (eds.). The Changing World Religion Map. Vol. 4. p. 2225. ISBN 978-94-017-9375-9 – via Amazon.com.
[...] to openly discriminate against them [atheists], or practice atheophobia.
- ^ Ribeiro, Henrique Jales (1 December 2009). Rhetoric and Argumentation in the Beginning of the XX Century. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra / Coimbra University Press. ISBN 9789898074775.
- ^ Klug, Petra (2023). Anti-atheist nation: religion and secularism in the United States. Routledge studies in the sociology of religion. Abingdon New York (N.Y.): Routledge. pp. 167–174. ISBN 978-1-032-31010-7.
- ^ Cragun, Ryan T.; Joseph H. Hammer; Jesse M. Smith (2013). "North America". In Stephen Bullivant; Michael Ruse (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. Oxford University Press. pp. xiii, 615+. ISBN 9780199644650. Retrieved 13 February 2017 – via Google Books.
- ^ Klug, Petra (2023). Anti-atheist nation: religion and secularism in the United States. Routledge studies in the sociology of religion. Abingdon New York (N.Y.): Routledge. pp. 148–151, 164–191. ISBN 978-1-032-31010-7.
- ^ Somin, Ilya. "Atheists May Be the Most Unpopular Minority" (PDF).
- ^ "Atheists in Lebanon". Freethought Lebanon. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
- ^ Gervais, Will M.; Shariff, Azim F.; Norenzayan, Ara (2011). "Do you believe in atheists? Distrust is central to anti-atheist prejudice". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 101 (6): 1189–1206. doi:10.1037/a0025882. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 22059841.
- ^ Gervais, Will M. (22 February 2011). "Finding the Faithless: Perceived Atheist Prevalence Reduces Anti-Atheist Prejudice". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 37 (4): 543–556. doi:10.1177/0146167211399583. ISSN 0146-1672. PMID 21343437. S2CID 24248880.
- ^ Gervais, Will M.; Xygalatas, Dimitris; McKay, Ryan T. (7 August 2017). "Global evidence of extreme intuitive moral prejudice against atheists". Nature. 1 (8): 1–6. doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0151. ISSN 2397-3374.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
reuters131210was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "'God Does Not Exist' Comment Ends Badly for Indonesia Man". Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.