E (mathematical constant)

Euler's number
Euler's number
e; 2.71828...
General information
Type	Transcendental
History
Discovered	1685
By	Jacob Bernoulli
First mention	Quæstiones nonnullæ de usuris, cum solutione problematis de sorte alearum, propositi in Ephem. Gall. A. 1685
Named after	Leonhard Euler; John Napier;

The number $e$ is a mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828 that is the base of the natural logarithm and exponential function. It is sometimes called Euler's number, after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, though this can invite confusion with Euler numbers, or with Euler's constant, a different constant typically denoted $\gamma$ . Alternatively, $e$ can be called Napier's constant after John Napier.^[2]^[3] The Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli discovered the constant while studying compound interest.^[4]^[5]

The number $e$ is of great importance in mathematics,^[6] alongside 0, 1, $π$ , and $i$ . All five appear in one formulation of Euler's identity $e^{i\pi }+1=0$ and play important and recurring roles across mathematics.^[7]^[8] Like the constant $π$ , $e$ is irrational, meaning that it cannot be represented as a ratio of integers, and moreover it is transcendental, meaning that it is not a root of any non-zero polynomial with rational coefficients.^[3] To 30 decimal places, the value of $e$ is:^[1]

2.718281828459045235360287471352

^ ^a ^b Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001113 (Decimal expansion of $e$ )". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
^ Cite error: The named reference Miller was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Weisstein, Eric W. "e". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
^ Pickover, Clifford A. (2009). The Math Book: From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics (illustrated ed.). Sterling Publishing Company. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-4027-5796-9. Extract of page 166
^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (September 2001). "The number $e$ ". MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews.
^ Sawyer, W. W. (1961). Mathematician's Delight. Penguin. p. 155.
^ Wilson, Robinn (2018). Euler's Pioneering Equation: The most beautiful theorem in mathematics (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. (preface). ISBN 978-0-19-251405-9.
^ Posamentier, Alfred S.; Lehmann, Ingmar (2004). Pi: A Biography of the World's Most Mysterious Number (illustrated ed.). Prometheus Books. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-59102-200-8.

[OEIS_decimal_expansion-1] Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001113 (Decimal expansion of $e$ )". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.

[Miller-2] Cite error: The named reference Miller was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Weisstein-3] Weisstein, Eric W. "e". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2020-08-10.

[Pickover-4] Pickover, Clifford A. (2009). The Math Book: From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics (illustrated ed.). Sterling Publishing Company. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-4027-5796-9. Extract of page 166

[OConnor-5] O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (September 2001). "The number $e$ ". MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews.

[6] Sawyer, W. W. (1961). Mathematician's Delight. Penguin. p. 155.

[7] Wilson, Robinn (2018). Euler's Pioneering Equation: The most beautiful theorem in mathematics (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. (preface). ISBN 978-0-19-251405-9.

[8] Posamentier, Alfred S.; Lehmann, Ingmar (2004). Pi: A Biography of the World's Most Mysterious Number (illustrated ed.). Prometheus Books. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-59102-200-8.

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Euler's number
$e$ 2.71828...^[1]
General information
Type	Transcendental
History
Discovered	1685
By	Jacob Bernoulli
First mention	Quæstiones nonnullæ de usuris, cum solutione problematis de sorte alearum, propositi in Ephem. Gall. A. 1685
Named after	Leonhard Euler John Napier