Earthenware

Painted, incised and glazed earthenware. Dated 10th century, Iran.
New York Metropolitan Museum of Art

Top section of a water jug or habb. Earthenware. Late 12th-early 13th century Iraq or Syria.
Brooklyn Museum^[1]

Earthenware is glazed or unglazed nonvitreous pottery^[2] that has normally been fired below 1,200 °C (2,190 °F).^[3] Basic earthenware, often called terracotta, absorbs liquids such as water. However, earthenware can be made impervious to liquids by coating it with a ceramic glaze, and such a process is used for the great majority of modern domestic earthenware. The main other important types of pottery are porcelain, bone china, and stoneware, all fired at high enough temperatures to vitrify. End applications include tableware and decorative ware such as figurines.

Earthenware comprises "most building bricks, nearly all European pottery up to the seventeenth century, most of the wares of Egypt, Persia and the near East; Greek, Roman and Mediterranean, and some of the Chinese; and the fine earthenware which forms the greater part of our tableware today" ("today" being 1962).^[4] Pit fired earthenware dates back to as early as 29,000–25,000 BC,^[5][6] and for millennia, only earthenware pottery was made, with stoneware gradually developing some 5,000 years ago, but then apparently disappearing for a few thousand years. Outside East Asia, porcelain was manufactured at any scale only from the 18th century AD, and then initially as an expensive luxury.

After it is fired, earthenware is opaque and non-vitreous,^[7] soft and capable of being scratched with a knife.^[4] The Combined Nomenclature of the European Union describes it as being made of selected clays sometimes mixed with feldspars and varying amounts of other minerals, and white or light-coloured (i.e., slightly greyish, cream, or ivory).^[7]