Eighty Years' War

Eighty Years' War; Dutch Revolt
	Part of the European wars of religion and the Thirty Years' War (1621–1648)
	; The Battle of Gibraltar, 1607.
Date	c. 1566/1568 – 30 January 1648
Location	European theatre (c. 1566/1568): The Low Countries (present-day Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and part of western Germany and northern France) ; European waters: North Sea, English Channel, coast of the Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean Sea; Overseas (from the 1590s): Atlantic Ocean: Canary Islands and Azores ; Americas: Caribbean Sea, the Guianas, Northeast Brazil and southwest South America ; Africa: West Africa and Southern Africa ; Asia: Indian Ocean, South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia ;
Result	Peace of Münster Spain recognizes the independence of the Dutch Republic; Spain retains the Southern Netherlands; Dutch overseas expansion starting in the 17th century, which mainly affected the Portuguese colonial empire;
Belligerents
Dutch Republic; (from 1588) States-General; (1576–1588) ; Dutch rebels; (c. 1566/68–1576) ; European allies: Kingdom of England; (1585–1604, 1625–1630) ; Kingdom of France; (1589–1598, from 1635) Anjou; (1578–1583); ; Kingdom of Portugal; (from 1641); Native overseas allies; (from the 1600s)	Spanish Empire European ally:; Portuguese Empire; (c.1580–1640) European co-belligerent:; Holy Roman Empire; (1629, 1632, 1635) ; Native overseas allies; (from the 1600s)
Commanders and leaders
William the Silent X; Maurice of Orange; Frederick Henry; Johan van Oldenbarnevelt; William Louis; Maarten Tromp; Elizabeth I; Robert Dudley; James VI and I; Charles I; Sir Francis Vere; Henry IV; Duke of Bouillon; Louis XIII; Cardinal Richelieu;	Philip II; Philip III; Philip IV; Margaret of Parma; Duke of Alba; Álvarez de Toledo; John of Austria; Alexander Farnese; Archduke Albert; Isabella Eugenia; Ambrogio Spinola; Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand; Fadrique de Toledo; Antonio de Oquendo;
Casualties and losses
100,000 Dutch Protestants killed (1568–1609)	Unknown

The Eighty Years' War^[i] or Dutch Revolt (Dutch: Nederlandse Opstand) (c. 1566/1568–1648)^[j] was an armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands^[k] between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government. The causes of the war included the Reformation, centralisation, excessive taxation, and the rights and privileges of the Dutch nobility and cities.

After the initial stages, Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Netherlands, deployed his armies and regained control over most of the rebel-held territories. However, widespread mutinies in the Spanish army caused a general uprising. Under the leadership of the exiled William the Silent, the Catholic and Protestant-dominated provinces sought to establish religious peace while jointly opposing the king's regime with the Pacification of Ghent, but the general rebellion failed to sustain itself.

Despite Governor of Spanish Netherlands and General for Spain, the Duke of Parma's steady military and diplomatic successes, the Union of Utrecht continued their resistance, proclaiming their independence through the 1581 Act of Abjuration and establishing the Calvinist-dominated Dutch Republic in 1588. In the Ten Years thereafter, the Republic (whose heartland was no longer threatened) made conquests in the north and east and received diplomatic recognition from France and England in 1596. The Dutch colonial empire emerged, which began with Dutch attacks on Portugal's overseas territories.

Facing a stalemate, the two sides agreed to a Twelve Years' Truce in 1609; when it expired in 1621, fighting resumed as part of the broader Thirty Years' War. An end was reached in 1648 with the Peace of Münster (a treaty that was part of the Peace of Westphalia), when Spain retained the Southern Netherlands and recognised the Dutch Republic as an independent country.

^ ^a ^b van der Lem 1995, p. Chapter IV.
^ Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b, v. II pp. 95–124.
^ van der Lem 1995, p. Chapter V.
^ Groenveld 2009, p. 21.
^ Gallegos Vázquez, Federico (2014). "La dimensión internacional de la guerra de los Países Bajos". Guerra, derecho y política: Aproximaciones a una interacción inevitable (in Spanish). España: 45–64. ISBN 978-84-617-1675-3. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ "Francisco de Alençon". Diccionario Biográfico Español (in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1900). Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón (in Spanish). Vol. IV. Madrid, España: Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval. p. 269. Archived from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b Aleixandre Tena, Francisca (1967). "La revolución portuguesa de 1640". Saitabi: Revista de la Facultat de Geografia i Història (in Spanish) (17). Valencia, España: 95–96. ISSN 0210-9980. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ Anderson, James Maxwell (2000). The History of Portugal. Greenwood. p. 105. ISBN 0-313-31106-4.
^ van Nimwegen, Olaf (2010). The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588–1688. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 217–234, 247–248. ISBN 978-1-84383-575-2.
^ Groenveld 2009, p. 146.
^ ^a ^b Tarver, H. Micheal; Slape, Emily (2016). The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 71.
^ Martínez Shaw, Carlos (1999). "El imperio colonial español y la República Holandesa tras la Paz de Münster". Pedralbes: Revista d'historia moderna (in Spanish) (19). Barcelona, Spain: 117–120. ISSN 0211-9587.
^ Halley's Bible Handbook, 24th ed. 1965.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995Chapter_IV-1] van der Lem 1995, p. Chapter IV.

[FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_pp.&nbsp;95–124-2] Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b, v. II pp. 95–124.

[FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995Chapter_V-3] van der Lem 1995, p. Chapter V.

[FOOTNOTEGroenveld200921-6] Groenveld 2009, p. 21.

[8] Gallegos Vázquez, Federico (2014). "La dimensión internacional de la guerra de los Países Bajos". Guerra, derecho y política: Aproximaciones a una interacción inevitable (in Spanish). España: 45–64. ISBN 978-84-617-1675-3. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.

[9] "Francisco de Alençon". Diccionario Biográfico Español (in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2023.

[11] Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1900). Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón (in Spanish). Vol. IV. Madrid, España: Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval. p. 269. Archived from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.

[Tena-12] Aleixandre Tena, Francisca (1967). "La revolución portuguesa de 1640". Saitabi: Revista de la Facultat de Geografia i Història (in Spanish) (17). Valencia, España: 95–96. ISSN 0210-9980. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.

[14] Anderson, James Maxwell (2000). The History of Portugal. Greenwood. p. 105. ISBN 0-313-31106-4.

[16] van Nimwegen, Olaf (2010). The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588–1688. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 217–234, 247–248. ISBN 978-1-84383-575-2.

[FOOTNOTEGroenveld2009146-18] Groenveld 2009, p. 146.

[Tarver-20] Tarver, H. Micheal; Slape, Emily (2016). The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 71.

[21] Martínez Shaw, Carlos (1999). "El imperio colonial español y la República Holandesa tras la Paz de Münster". Pedralbes: Revista d'historia moderna (in Spanish) (19). Barcelona, Spain: 117–120. ISSN 0211-9587.

[22] Halley's Bible Handbook, 24th ed. 1965.

[h]

[12]

[8]

[13]

[c]

[a]

[b]

[d]

[e]

[f]

[g]

[14]

[i]

[j]

[k]