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Empathy is generally described as the ability to take on other's perspective, to understand, feel, and possibly share and respond to their experience.[1][2][3] There are more (sometimes conflicting) definitions of empathy that include but are not limited to social, cognitive, and emotional processes primarily concerned with understanding others.[2][3][4] Often times, empathy is considered to be a broad term, and broken down into more specific concepts and types that include cognitive empathy, emotional (or affective) empathy, somatic empathy, and spiritual empathy.[2][3]
Empathy is still a topic of research. The major areas of research include the development of empathy, the genetics and neuroscience of empathy, cross-species empathy, and the impairment of empathy. Some researchers have made efforts to quantify empathy through different methods, such as from questionnaires where participants can fill out and then be scored on their answers. The English word empathy is derived from the Ancient Greek ἐμπάθεια (empatheia, meaning "physical affection or passion").[5] That word derives from ἐν (en, "in, at") and πάθος (pathos, "passion" or "suffering").[6] Theodor Lipps adapted the German aesthetic term Einfühlung ("feeling into") to psychology in 1903,[7]: ch. 1 and Edward B. Titchener translated Einfühlung into English as "empathy" in 1909.[8] In modern Greek εμπάθεια may mean, depending on context, prejudice, malevolence, malice, or hatred.[9]
- ^ Bellet PS, Maloney MJ (October 1991). "The importance of empathy as an interviewing skill in medicine". JAMA. 266 (13): 1831–2. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470130111039. PMID 1909761.
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- Rothschild B, Rand ML (2006). Help for the Helper: The psychophysiology of compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-70422-8.
- Read H (August 22, 2019). "A typology of empathy and its many moral forms". Philosophy Compass. 14 (10). doi:10.1111/phc3.12623. S2CID 202396600.
- Chism LA, Magnan MA (2009). "The relationship of nursing students' spiritual care perspectives to their expressions of spiritual empathy". The Journal of Nursing Education. 48 (11). United States: 597–605. doi:10.3928/01484834-20090716-05. PMID 19650610.
- ^ a b c Hall JA, Schwartz R, Duong F (January 2, 2021). "How do laypeople define empathy?". The Journal of Social Psychology. 161 (1): 5–24. doi:10.1080/00224545.2020.1796567. ISSN 0022-4545. PMID 32870130.
- ^ Hall JA, Schwartz R (May 4, 2019). "Empathy present and future". The Journal of Social Psychology. 159 (3): 225–243. doi:10.1080/00224545.2018.1477442. ISSN 0022-4545. PMID 29781776.
- ^ Harper D. "empathy". Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ ἐμπάθεια. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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- Titchener EB (2014). "Introspection and empath" (PDF). Dialogues in Philosophy, Mental and Neuro Sciences. 7: 25–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2014.
- Gallese V (2003). "The roots of empathy: the shared manifold hypothesis and the neural basis of intersubjectivity". Psychopathology. 36 (4): 171–80. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.143.2396. doi:10.1159/000072786. PMID 14504450. S2CID 9422028.
- Koss J (March 2006). "On the Limits of Empathy". The Art Bulletin. 88 (1): 139–57. doi:10.1080/00043079.2006.10786282. JSTOR 25067229. S2CID 194079190.
- ^ "εμπάθεια". Glosbe. Glosbe dictionary. Retrieved April 26, 2019.