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Europe of Freedom and Democracy

Europe of Freedom and Democracy
European Parliament group
NameEurope of Freedom and Democracy[1][2]
English abbr.EFD[3]
French abbr.ELD
Formal nameEurope of Freedom and Democracy Group[3]
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing to far-right
European partiesMovement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy
From1 July 2009 (de facto)[10]
To24 June 2014
Preceded byIndependence/Democracy
Succeeded byEurope of Freedom and Direct Democracy
Chaired byNigel Farage (UKIP)
Francesco Speroni (LN)
MEP(s)34
Websiteefdgroup.eu (archived URL)

Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) was a far-right,[11][12][13][14] Eurosceptic political group that operated in the European Parliament from 2009 to 2014.[15][16][17][18] It was composed of 34 MEPs and it existed during the European Parliament's 7th and 8th terms. After 2011, EFD had a loose relationship with the Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy political party.

Ideologically, EFD was strongly opposed to European integration, conservative, and right-wing populist.[19] Its members included parties such as the UK Independence Party and Lega Nord. Founded as a merger of the Independence/Democracy (IND/DEM) and Union for Europe of the Nations after the 2009 European Parliament election, EFD was more nationalistic and strongly opposed to immigration than its main predecessor, IND/DEM.[9] In the aftermath of the 2014 European Parliament election, EFD became the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (EFDD) group, though only two EFD parties continued their membership in the EFDD.

  1. ^ Willis, Andrew (1 July 2009). "New eurosceptic group to campaign against EU treaty in Irish referendum". EU Observer. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  2. ^ "UKIP forms new Eurosceptic group". BBC. 1 July 2009.
  3. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference E2009SBGET was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b Andreas Staab (2011). The European Union Explained, Second Edition: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact. Indiana University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-253-00164-1.
  5. ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2013). "European Union". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013.
  6. ^ "[Investigation] Far-right MEPs least disciplined in following party line". EUobserver. 26 February 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  7. ^ Alessi, Christopher (18 November 2013). "Populist Bloc Fails to Change Agenda in European Politics". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  8. ^ Müller, Manuel (27 May 2014). "After the European elections". Green European Journal. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  9. ^ a b c David Phinnemore; Lee McGowan (2013). A Dictionary of the European Union. Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-135-08127-0.
  10. ^ Phillips, Leigh (30 June 2009). "Ukip, Lega Nord form hard-right bloc in EU Parliament". EU Observer. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  11. ^ Far-right MEPs form group in European Parliament, euractiv.com
  12. ^ Roy H. Ginsberg, Demystifying the European Union: The Enduring Logic of Regional Integration, p. 170, Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, ISBN 0742566927
  13. ^ Rob Ford, Matthew J. Goodwin, Voting for Extremists, passim, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 041569051X
  14. ^ Kietz, Daniela; von Ondarza, Nicolai (February 2014), Eurosceptics in the European Parliament: Isolated and Divided in Brussels but Driving National Debates (PDF), SWP Comments, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, p. 2
  15. ^ John Peterson; Michael Shackleton (2012). The Institutions of the European Union. Oxford University Press. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-19-957498-8. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  16. ^ Marie-Claire Considère-Charon (2010). "Irish MEPs in an enlarged Europe". In Christophe Gillissen (ed.). Ireland: Looking East. Peter Lang. p. 158. ISBN 978-90-5201-652-8.
  17. ^ Paul T. Levin (2011). "Appendix". Turkey and the European Union: Christian and Secular Images of Islam. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-230-11957-4.
  18. ^ Nicholas Aylott; Magnus Blomgren; Torbjorn Bergman (2013). Political Parties in Multi-Level Polities: The Nordic Countries Compared. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-137-31554-0.
  19. ^ Giovanni Moro (2013). "Conclusions: the way forward". In Giovanni Moro (ed.). The Single Currency and European Citizenship: Unveiling the Other Side of The Coin. A&C Black. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-62356-095-9.

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