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Evolution of spiders

A spider in Baltic amber

Spiders have been evolving for at least 380 million years. The group's origins lie within an arachnid sub-group defined by the presence of book lungs (the tetrapulmonates);[1][2] the arachnids as a whole evolved from aquatic chelicerate ancestors. More than 45,000 extant species have been described, organised taxonomically in 3,958 genera and 114 families.[3] There may be more than 120,000 species.[3] Fossil diversity rates make up a larger proportion than extant diversity would suggest with 1,593 arachnid species described out of 1,952 recognized chelicerates.[4] Both extant and fossil species are described annually by researchers in the field. Major developments in spider evolution include the development of spinnerets and silk secretion.

  1. ^ Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason (2014). "Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders". PeerJ. 2: e641. doi:10.7717/peerj.641. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4232842. PMID 25405073.
  2. ^ Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason A.; Knecht, Brian J.; Hegna, Thomas A. (2017). "The phylogeny of fossil whip spiders". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 105. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0931-1. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5399839. PMID 28431496.
  3. ^ a b Garrison, Nicole L.; Rodriguez, Juanita; Agnarsson, Ingi; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Griswold, Charles E.; Hamilton, Christopher A.; Hedin, Marshal; Kocot, Kevin M.; Ledford, Joel M.; Bond, Jason E. (2016). "Spider phylogenomics: untangling the Spider Tree of Life". PeerJ. 4: e1719. doi:10.7717/peerj.1719. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4768681. PMID 26925338.
  4. ^ Jason A. Dunlop; et al. (2008), "How many species of fossil arachnids are there?", The Journal of Arachnology, 36 (2): 267–272, doi:10.1636/ch07-89.1, S2CID 42371883

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