The exclusion zone is a large stratum (typically on the order of a few microns to a millimeter) observed in pure liquid water, from which particles of other materials in suspension are repelled. It is observed next to the surface of solid materials, e.g. the walls of the container in which the liquid water is held, or solid specimens immersed in it, and also at the water/air interface. Several independent research groups have reported observations of the exclusion zone next to hydrophilic surfaces.[1][2][3][4] Some research groups have reported the observation of the exclusion zone next to metal surfaces.[5][6] The Exclusion zone has been observed using different techniques, e.g. birefringence, neutron radiography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and others,[4] and it has potentially high importance in biology, and in engineering applications such as filtration and microfluidics.
- ^ Zheng, Jian-ming; Chin, Wei-Chun; Khijniak, Eugene; Pollack, Gerald H. (2006). "Surfaces and interfacial water: Evidence that hydrophilic surfaces have long-range impact". Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 127 (1): 19–27. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2006.07.002. PMID 16952332.
- ^ Chen, Chi-Shuo; Chung, Wei-Ju; Hsu, Ian C.; Wu, Chien-Ming; Chin, Wei-Chun (2011). "Force field measurements within the exclusion zone of water". Journal of Biological Physics. 38 (1): 113–120. doi:10.1007/s10867-011-9237-5. PMC 3285724. PMID 23277674.
- ^ Bischof, Marco; Del Giudice, Emilio (2013). "Communication and the Emergence and of Collective and Behavior in and Living Organisms: A Quantum and Approach". Molecular Biology International. 2013: 987549. doi:10.1155/2013/987549. PMC 3833029. PMID 24288611.
- ^ a b Elton, Daniel C.; Spencer, Peter D.; Riches, James D.; Williams, Elizabeth D. (2020-07-17). "Exclusion Zone Phenomena in Water - A Critical Review of Experimental Findings and Theories". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21 (14): 5041. doi:10.3390/ijms21145041. PMC 7404113. PMID 32708867.
- ^ Pedroza, Luana S.; Poissier, Adrien; Fernández-Serra, M.-V. (2015). "Local order of liquid water at metallic electrode surfaces". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 142 (3): 034706. Bibcode:2015JChPh.142c4706P. doi:10.1063/1.4905493. PMID 25612724. Archived from the original on 2022-03-19. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
- ^ Chai, B; Mahtani, AG; Pollack, GH (2012). "Unexpected presence of solute-free zones at metal-water interfaces". Contemporary Materials. 3 (1): 1–12. doi:10.7251/COM1201001C. PMC 3692373. PMID 23807904.