| Part of a series on |
| Immigration |
|---|
&sq=Facebook&lang=en&file=File:Airport_Immigration.svg) |
| General |
| History and law |
| Social processes |
| Political theories |
| Opposition and reform |
| Causes |
Externalization[a] describes the efforts of wealthy, developed countries to prevent asylum seekers and other migrants from reaching their borders, often by enlisting third countries or private entities.[5][6] Externalization is used by Australia, Canada, the United States, the European Union[7] and the United Kingdom.[8] Although less visible than physical barriers at international borders, externalization controls or restricts mobility in ways that are out of sight and far from the country's border.[9] Examples include visa restrictions, sanctions for carriers that transport asylum seekers, and agreements with source and transit countries. Consequences often include increased irregular migration, human smuggling, and border deaths.
- ^ FitzGerald 2019, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Stock et al. 2019.
- ^ Hintjens & Bilgic 2019, passim.
- ^ Ryan & Mitsilegas 2010.
- ^ Stock et al. 2019, pp. 48–49.
- ^ FitzGerald 2019, p. 5.
- ^ FitzGerald 2019, pp. 1, 160.
- ^ Raphael, Therese (20 April 2022). "Boris Johnson Won't Find Refuge in Rwanda". Bloomberg UK. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- ^ FitzGerald 2019, p. 4.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).